Exam Questions on Endocrine System

Exam Questions on Endocrine System Related

Review Exam Questions on Endocrine System related questions and content

You are a resident in a hospital in a very poor part of the world. Their drug selection is limited. A patient presents with acute cardiac failure, for which your preferred drug is dobutamine, given intravenously. However, there is none available. Which of the following other drugs, or combination of drugs, would be a suitable alternative?

  • A. Dopamine (at a very high dose)
  • B. Ephedrine
  • C. Ephedrine plus propranolol
  • D. Norepinephrine plus phentolamine
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Norepinephrine plus phentolamine. Norepinephrine is a potent vasopressor that can increase blood pressure and cardiac output in acute cardiac failure. Phentolamine is an alpha-blocker that can help counteract the vasoconstrictive effects of norepinephrine.

Rationale:
1. Norepinephrine: Increases blood pressure and cardiac output, improving perfusion to vital organs in acute cardiac failure.
2. Phentolamine: Counteracts the vasoconstrictive effects of norepinephrine, preventing excessive vasoconstriction.

Summary:
A: Dopamine at a very high dose may not be as effective as norepinephrine in acute cardiac failure.
B: Ephedrine is a less potent vasopressor compared to norepinephrine.
C: Ephedrine plus propranolol combination may lead to conflicting effects on blood pressure and heart rate

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Steroid hormones:

  • A. require a second messenger.
  • B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
  • C. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
  • D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. This is supported by the understanding of endocrine gland functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not require a second messenger, are not secreted by the posterior pituitary, and are not secreted by the pancreas. Understanding the specific glands and their hormone production is crucial in selecting the correct answer.

Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves’ disease are all:

  • A. thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
  • B. thyroid hormone disorders caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
  • C. calcium imbalances due primarily to the lack of calcitonin.
  • D. disorders of thyroid gland function.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves' disease are all related to thyroid gland function.
Step 2: Cretinism is a congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema is adult hypothyroidism, and Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism.
Step 3: Thus, they are all disorders of thyroid gland function.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because they are not all thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
- Choice B is incorrect because they are not all caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
- Choice C is incorrect because they are not primarily related to calcium imbalances due to lack of calcitonin.

Myxedema, Graves’ disease, and cretinism are:

  • A. hypothyroid disorders.
  • B. due to a deficiency of TSH.
  • C. disorders of the thyroid gland.
  • D. best treated with T3 and/or T4.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Myxedema, Graves' disease, and cretinism are all disorders directly related to the thyroid gland, involving either hypo or hyperactivity. Myxedema and cretinism are hypothyroid disorders, while Graves' disease is a hyperthyroid disorder. Thus, the correct answer is C. Choice A is incorrect as Graves' disease is a hyperthyroid disorder. Choice B is incorrect as these disorders are not solely due to a deficiency of TSH. Choice D is incorrect as treatment can vary depending on the specific disorder and may not always involve T3 and/or T4.

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

  • A. Antidiuretic hormone
  • B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • C. Parathyroid hormone
  • D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary and plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body.

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone:

  • A. are both secreted by the parathyroid glands.
  • B. increase plasma levels of calcium.
  • C. decrease plasma levels of calcium.
  • D. control plasma levels of calcium.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate plasma calcium levels. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, while parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown and increasing calcium reabsorption. Therefore, both hormones work together to maintain calcium homeostasis. The correct answer, choice D, highlights that both hormones control plasma calcium levels.

Summary of Other Choices:
A: Incorrect. Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland, not the parathyroid glands.
B: Incorrect. Calcitonin decreases plasma calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases plasma calcium levels.
C: Incorrect. Parathyroid hormone increases plasma calcium levels, whereas calcitonin decreases plasma calcium levels.

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