Nokea
You are discussing with medical students the role of chemotherapy in malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs); you state that GCTs are sensitive to some types of chemotherapy. Of the following, the MOST effective chemotherapeutic agent in GCTs is
- A. vincristine
- B. cyclophosphamide
- C. cisplatin
- D. methotrexate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cisplatin is a cornerstone in the treatment of germ cell tumors.
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Which is the major cause of death for children older than 1 year?
- A. Cancer
- B. Heart disease
- C. Unintentional injuries
- D. Congenital anomalies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Unintentional injuries are the major cause of death for children older than 1 year. These include accidents such as drownings, car accidents, fires, falls, and poisoning. Children are curious and naturally explore their environment, which can put them at risk for accidents. It is important for parents and caregivers to create safe environments for children, supervise them closely, and take appropriate safety precautions to prevent these injuries. By being mindful of potential hazards and actively working to prevent accidents, we can help reduce the incidence of unintentional injuries and protect children's well-being.
A 2-year-old is noted to be drinking from a container filled with kerosene. He immediately coughs, becomes tachypneic, and is brought to the hospital. The best approach to his treatment is to
- A. induce emesis
- B. perform nasogastric tube lavage
- C. instill mineral oil
- D. administer steroids
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Inducing emesis or performing gastric lavage can increase the risk of aspiration. The best approach is supportive care, including oxygen and monitoring.
The nurse is caring for a patient with a bowel resection. Which of the following would indicate that the patient's gastrointestinal tract is resuming normal function?
- A. Firm abdomen
- B. Presence of flatus
- C. Excessive thirst
- D. Absent bowel sounds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of flatus (gas) is a positive sign that the patient's gastrointestinal tract is resuming normal function after a bowel resection surgery. Flatus production indicates that peristalsis and normal bowel motility are returning, allowing gas to move through the intestine. This is an important milestone in the postoperative recovery process, as it suggests the return of normal bowel function. The other options provided are not indicative of the return of normal gastrointestinal function.
Tumor lysis syndrome is a common complication during treatment of pediatric malignancies. Which malignancy is more likely to manifest such complication?
- A. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- B. nephroblastoma
- C. neuroblastoma
- D. Burkitt lymphoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Burkitt lymphoma is highly proliferative and sensitive to chemotherapy, leading to rapid cell death and tumor lysis syndrome.
The birthweight usually quadruples by the age of
- A. 1.5 yr
- B. 2 yr
- C. 2.5 yr
- D. 3 yr
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Birthweight typically quadruples by 2 years of age.