Nokea
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for Levodopa/Carbidopa for Parkinson's disease. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
- A. Increase intake of protein-rich foods.
- B. Expect muscle twitching to occur.
- C. Take this medication with food.
- D. Anticipate relief of manifestations in 24 h
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Taking with food reduces nausea, a common side effect; protein can interfere with absorption.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who had a severe, acute, previously unseen adverse effect of a drug in Phase III testing. The patient asks, After all the testing done on this drug, didnt they know this adverse effect could occur? What is the nurses best response? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Phase III testing involves wide-scale population testing, which can reveal rare adverse effects not seen in earlier phases.
- B. New adverse effects can lead to further study or withdrawal of the drug.
- C. Phase I testing on healthy volunteers ensures all adverse effects are identified before patient use.
- D. Even with extensive testing, some adverse effects may only appear after widespread use.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phase III testing involves a large population, uncovering rare effects . Preclinical animal studies don't fully predict human responses (B is false). Phase I uses healthy volunteers, missing disease-specific effects (C is false). Rare effects emerge post-approval , potentially leading to further action .
A patient who has AIDS is at risk to contract aspergillosis. The nurse will anticipate that which antifungal medication will be ordered prophylactically for this patient?
- A. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- B. Micafungin (Mycamine)
- C. Posaconazole (Noxafil)
- D. Voriconazole (Vfend)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Posaconazole prevents Aspergillus in AIDS; micafungin or voriconazole treat, not prevent. Posaconazole is given for prophylactic treatment of Aspergillus and Candida infections.
Which of the following drugs should be avoided in a pregnant woman because of a risk of harming the fetus?
- A. Pravastatin
- B. Cholestyramine
- C. Gemfibrozil
- D. Niacin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Statins like pravastatin are contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects.
Km value indicates
- A. Purity of enzyme
- B. Physiological role
- C. Half life enzyme drug complex
- D. Affinity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Km (Michaelis constant) reflects the substrate concentration at half-maximum velocity, indicating enzyme-drug complex half-life.
Combined alpha-beta antagonists are used to reduce the progression of heart failure because they:
- A. Vasodilate the peripheral vasculature
- B. Decrease cardiac output
- C. Increase renal vascular resistance
- D. Reduce atherosclerosis secondary to elevated serum lipoproteins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alpha-beta blockers (e.g., carvedilol) vasodilate, reducing afterload in heart failure.