Cardiovascular System Exam Questions And Answers

Cardiovascular System Exam Questions And Answers Related

Review Cardiovascular System Exam Questions And Answers related questions and content

What procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart?

  • A. Angioplasty
  • B. Coronary artery bypass graft
  • C. Stent placement
  • D. Valve replacement
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. This procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart. First, a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the blocked artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This is a minimally invasive procedure commonly used to treat coronary artery disease.

Choice B: Coronary artery bypass graft involves using blood vessels from another part of the body to bypass blocked arteries, not using a balloon.

Choice C: Stent placement involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open, but it does not use a balloon to open the vessel.

Choice D: Valve replacement is a procedure to replace damaged heart valves and does not involve using a balloon to open narrowed arteries.

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Which condition involves the body's immune system attacking the lungs and kidneys, causing severe respiratory and renal damage?

  • A. Goodpasture syndrome
  • B. Sarcoidosis
  • C. Wegener's granulomatosis
  • D. Interstitial lung disease
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct:
1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys.
2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage.
3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure.
4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies.

Summary:
- B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage.
- C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen.
- D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.

What is the narrowing of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes?

  • A. Coronary artery disease
  • B. Peripheral artery disease
  • C. Aortic stenosis
  • D. Mitral valve prolapse
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery disease. This condition involves the narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart due to plaque buildup. Plaque can lead to blockages, causing heart attacks and strokes. Peripheral artery disease (B) affects arteries outside the heart. Aortic stenosis (C) is the narrowing of the aortic valve, not arteries. Mitral valve prolapse (D) is a condition affecting the mitral valve, not arteries. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

Which of the following is a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator?

  • A. Parasympathetic nervous system
  • B. Sympathetic nervous system
  • C. Dopamine
  • D. Epinephrine
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epinephrine. Epinephrine acts as a central vasoconstrictor by constricting blood vessels in vital organs to redirect blood flow to muscles during fight-or-flight response. It also acts as a peripheral vasodilator by dilating blood vessels in skeletal muscles to increase oxygen delivery. Parasympathetic nervous system (A) mainly promotes relaxation, sympathetic nervous system (B) typically causes vasoconstriction, and dopamine (C) has limited vasoactive effects.

The nurse is teaching a client about the side effects of beta blockers. What is the most important side effect to monitor?

  • A. Hypotension
  • B. Bradycardia
  • C. Hyperkalemia
  • D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypotension. Beta blockers can cause a decrease in blood pressure, leading to hypotension. Monitoring for hypotension is crucial as it can result in dizziness, fainting, or even shock. Bradycardia (choice B) is a common side effect but usually not as critical as hypotension. Hyperkalemia (choice C) is a potential side effect of some beta blockers but is less common and typically not as urgent as hypotension. Tachycardia (choice D) is the opposite of what beta blockers typically cause, making it an unlikely side effect to monitor for in this case.

Which measure is used to relieve the symptoms of left-sided heart failure?

  • A. Weighing the patient daily
  • B. Applying an abdominal binder
  • C. Maintaining total bed rest
  • D. Elevating the patient's head
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Head elevation reduces pulmonary congestion.

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