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What is a condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close properly, causing blood to leak backward into the left atrium?
- A. Mitral valve prolapse
- B. Aortic stenosis
- C. Mitral stenosis
- D. Tricuspid regurgitation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitral valve prolapse is the correct answer because it is a condition where the mitral valve doesn't close properly, leading to blood leakage into the left atrium during the heart's contraction. This results in a characteristic systolic click on auscultation. Aortic stenosis (B) involves narrowing of the aortic valve, not the mitral valve. Mitral stenosis (C) refers to a narrowing of the mitral valve, not improper closure. Tricuspid regurgitation (D) is when the tricuspid valve doesn't close properly, causing blood to leak backward into the right atrium, not the left atrium.
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The nurse is caring for a client on amiodarone. What adverse effect is the nurse most concerned about?
- A. Pulmonary toxicity
- B. Liver toxicity
- C. Thyroid dysfunction
- D. Renal dysfunction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulmonary toxicity. Amiodarone is known to cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary toxicity, including interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. The nurse must closely monitor the client for signs such as cough, dyspnea, and chest pain. Liver toxicity (B), thyroid dysfunction (C), and renal dysfunction (D) are also possible adverse effects of amiodarone, but pulmonary toxicity is the most concerning due to its severe and rapid progression. Monitoring and early detection are crucial to prevent serious complications.
Which of the following is a chronic condition where the heart muscle is weakened and unable to pump blood effectively, often leading to heart failure?
- A. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- C. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D. Myocarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Dilated cardiomyopathy (A) is characterized by the heart muscle becoming weak and enlarged, leading to ineffective pumping.
2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (B) involves thickened heart muscle but not necessarily weakened.
3. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening of the heart muscle, not necessarily weakening.
4. Myocarditis (D) is inflammation of the heart muscle, not specifically related to chronic weakening and heart failure.
Therefore, A is the correct answer as it directly relates to the weakened heart muscle leading to ineffective pumping and heart failure.
The nurse and patient set a patient outcome that at the time of discharge after an MI the patient will be able to tolerate moderate-energy activities that are similar to which activity?
- A. Golfing
- B. Walking at 5 mph
- C. Cycling at 13 mph
- D. Mowing the lawn by hand
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Moderate activities like golfing are achievable post-MI.
One of the most serious complications of myocardial infarction that Mrs. Payer could develop is
- A. constipation
- B. dehydration
- C. elevated blood pressure
- D. ventricular tachycardia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ventricular tachycardia poses significant risk for hemodynamic instability.
What is a blood clot that forms in a vein, often in the legs, and can cause serious complications if it travels to the lungs?
- A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Atherosclerosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, commonly in the legs. It can lead to serious complications if the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins near the surface of the skin, not involving deep veins. Atherosclerosis (D) is the build-up of plaque in arteries, not related to vein clot formation. Pulmonary embolism (B) is a complication of DVT, not the initial clot formation in a vein.