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What is a chronic condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hyperlipidemia
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension. Hypertension is characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. This condition is commonly referred to as high blood pressure. Hypotension (B) is the opposite, indicating low blood pressure. Hyperlipidemia (C) is high levels of fats in the blood, not directly related to blood pressure. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels, also not directly related to blood pressure. Therefore, based on the definition and associated health risks, A is the correct choice.
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What is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently.
Step 2: This inefficiency leads to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion) and other parts of the body.
Step 3: Cardiomyopathy is a broad term for diseases that affect the heart muscle but may not necessarily result in heart failure.
Step 4: Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, not directly related to heart pumping efficiency.
Step 5: Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, affecting blood flow from the heart but not necessarily leading to heart failure.
What is a condition where the airways become swollen and produce extra mucus, making it difficult to breathe, often associated with COPD?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Pneumonia
- C. Emphysema
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the airways leading to excess mucus production.
2. It is a common symptom of COPD, obstructing airflow and causing breathing difficulties.
3. Pneumonia, emphysema, and tuberculosis do not primarily involve airway inflammation and mucus production as seen in chronic bronchitis.
A patient with cardiogenic shock receives a nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output. With the appropriate interventions, the anticipated outcome is for the patient to achieve:
- A. baseline activity level.
- B. baseline cardiac function.
- C. decreased afterload.
- D. reduced anxiety.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Restoring baseline cardiac function is the goal in managing decreased cardiac output.
On what basis would the nurse suspect an MI?
- A. He has pale, cool, clammy skin
- B. He reports nausea and vomited once at home
- C. He says he is anxious and has a feeling of impending doom
- D. He reports he has had no relief of the pain with rest or position change
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Persistent pain despite rest suggests MI.
What is a condition where the heart is unable to relax properly between beats, reducing its ability to fill with blood?
- A. Diastolic heart failure
- B. Systolic heart failure
- C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- D. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diastolic heart failure. In diastolic heart failure, the heart is unable to relax properly during the filling phase (diastole), leading to impaired filling of the ventricles. This results in decreased blood supply to the body. Systolic heart failure, on the other hand, is characterized by the heart's inability to contract effectively during the ejection phase (systole). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, affecting its function. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by stiffening of the heart muscle, impairing its ability to relax and fill properly, but it is different from diastolic heart failure.