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The bacteria that cause Lyme disease is:
- A. Treponema pallidum
- B. Borrelia burgdorferi
- C. Leptospira interrogans
- D. Rickettsia rickettsii
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is the bacteria responsible for causing Lyme disease. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, and Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Borrelia burgdorferi is specifically associated with Lyme disease due to its transmission through tick bites and the characteristic symptoms it causes.
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Beadlike chains of cocci formed after cell division along a single axis are called:
- A. diplococci
- B. streptococci
- C. tetrads
- D. sarcinae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: streptococci. This term refers to beadlike chains of cocci formed after cell division along a single axis. "Diplococci" (A) are pairs of cocci, "tetrads" (C) are groups of four cocci, and "sarcinae" (D) are cube-like groups of eight cocci. Streptococci is the most appropriate term for describing the specific arrangement mentioned in the question.
An outbreak of food poisoning was recorded in an urban settlement. The illness was diagnosed as botulism on the grounds of clinical presentations. What foodstuffs should be chosen for analysis in the first place in order to confirm the diagnosis?
- A. Tinned food
- B. Potatoes
- C. Pasteurized milk
- D. Boiled meat
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tinned food. Botulism is often caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which can be present in improperly canned foods. Analyzing tinned food allows for direct detection of the toxin or bacteria, confirming the diagnosis. Potatoes, pasteurized milk, and boiled meat are less likely sources of botulism compared to tinned food, making them less suitable for initial analysis in this case.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the plague?
- A. Yersinia pestis
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis is responsible for causing the plague, a severe infectious disease. This bacterium is transmitted via fleas from rodents to humans. It causes bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Clostridium difficile causes gastrointestinal infections, Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause various infections but not the plague.
Which type of bacteria can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments?
- A. Obligate aerobes
- B. Facultative anaerobes
- C. Obligate anaerobes
- D. Microaerophiles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is B: Facultative anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments due to their ability to switch between utilizing oxygen for respiration in aerobic conditions and utilizing fermentation or anaerobic respiration in anaerobic conditions. This flexibility allows them to thrive in diverse environments.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: Obligate aerobes require oxygen for respiration and cannot survive in anaerobic environments.
C: Obligate anaerobes can only survive in the absence of oxygen and would not thrive in aerobic conditions.
D: Microaerophiles require low levels of oxygen to grow and are not as versatile in adapting to varying oxygen levels compared to facultative anaerobes.
Which of the following is a key feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
- A. Produces spores
- B. Gram-negative
- C. Acid-fast cell wall
- D. Produces toxins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acid-fast cell wall. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterized by its unique cell wall composition, containing high levels of mycolic acids which make it acid-fast. This property allows it to resist decolorization during acid-fast staining procedures. This distinguishes it from other bacteria.
A: Producing spores is not a key feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Spore formation is more commonly associated with bacterial species such as Bacillus and Clostridium.
B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not Gram-negative. It is classified as acid-fast Gram-positive.
D: Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not produce toxins as a key feature. Its pathogenicity is more closely related to its ability to evade host immune responses and persist in host tissues.