Nokea
Herpes simplex infections on lips and in the mouth are most commonly caused by:
- A. HSV-1
- B. HSV-2
- C. HSV-6
- D. HSV-7
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: HSV-1. Herpes simplex infections on lips and in the mouth are most commonly caused by HSV-1 due to its preference for infecting oral mucosa. HSV-2 typically causes genital herpes. HSV-6 and HSV-7 are less common and not typically associated with oral infections. Therefore, based on the typical presentation and epidemiology of herpes simplex infections, HSV-1 is the most likely cause in this scenario.
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The distinctive pattern of adenoviruses is due to;
- A. Lipid envelope
- B. Helical capsid
- C. ssDNA
- D. Fibers at the vertices of the icosahedron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fibers at the vertices of the icosahedron. Adenoviruses have fibers at the vertices of the icosahedron, which give them their distinctive pattern. These fibers help in attaching to host cells. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because adenoviruses do not have a lipid envelope, helical capsid, or ssDNA. Adenoviruses have a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid and contain dsDNA. This makes choice D the correct answer as it specifically relates to the unique structural feature of adenoviruses.
The normal microflora is related to the defense in pathogens in
- A. circulatory system
- B. hepatobiliary tract
- C. skin and mucus
- D. CNS
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal microflora plays a crucial role in defending against pathogens in the skin and mucus. This is because the skin and mucus act as physical barriers and the normal microflora outcompetes potential pathogens, preventing their colonization. In contrast, the circulatory system (A), hepatobiliary tract (B), and CNS (D) are not typically colonized by normal microflora, so they do not directly contribute to defense against pathogens in those areas.
Specimen of a patient's sputum was stained with the following dyes and reagents: Ziehl's solution, methylene blue solution, 5% solutoin of sulfuric acid. What staining method was applied?
- A. Ziehl-Neelsen
- B. Burri's
- C. Gram's
- D. Peshkov's
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ziehl-Neelsen staining method was applied.
1. Ziehl's solution is used as a primary stain in Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2. Sulfuric acid is used as a decolorizer to remove excess stain.
3. Methylene blue is not part of the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method.
4. Burri's, Gram's, and Peshkov's staining methods are not used for acid-fast staining.
Which bacteria are known for producing toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin causing botulism, Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin leading to severe diarrhea, and certain strains of Escherichia coli produce toxins causing gastrointestinal illness. Therefore, all three bacteria are known for producing toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness. Choices A, B, and C individually represent bacteria known for producing toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness, making them incorrect individual choices.
Which one of the methods is used to identify cytoplasmic inclusions?
- A. Neisser staining
- B. Clett staining
- C. Ziehl-Nielsen staining
- D. Gram staining
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisser staining. This method is specifically used to identify cytoplasmic inclusions by staining them with a specific dye that highlights these structures. Neisser staining is designed to selectively target and visualize cytoplasmic inclusions, making it the most appropriate choice for this purpose.
Option B: Clett staining, Option C: Ziehl-Nielsen staining, and Option D: Gram staining are not typically used for identifying cytoplasmic inclusions. Clett staining is not a commonly known staining method for this purpose. Ziehl-Nielsen staining is primarily used to detect acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on cell wall characteristics. Therefore, these options are not suitable for identifying cytoplasmic inclusions.