Nokea
Upper segment > lower segment of body is found in all (in dwarfism) except:
- A. Pituitary dwarf
- B. Cretinism
- C. Achondroplasia
- D. Juvenile myxedema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In dwarfism conditions, the upper body segment being greater than the lower body segment is a characteristic feature seen in Achondroplasia. This condition results in a disproportionately short stature with short limbs but a trunk of normal length.
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What is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome?
- A. Ectopic ACTH production
- B. Adrenal adenoma
- C. Glucocorticoid treatment (iatrogenic)
- D. Pituitary adenoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is a pituitary adenoma, specifically a corticotroph adenoma. This adenoma leads to excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce high levels of cortisol. This results in the symptoms and signs characteristic of Cushing's syndrome. Pituitary adenomas are responsible for around 70-80% of cases of Cushing's syndrome, making it the most common cause.
Which of the following are causes of Addison's disease?
- A. Adrenoleukodystrophy
- B. Pyelonephritis
- C. Tuberculosis
- D. Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is mainly caused by the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. This results in the inadequate production of hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal glands. While other conditions such as Adrenoleukodystrophy, Pyelonephritis, and Tuberculosis can also affect the adrenal glands, they are not known to be direct causes of Addison's disease.
Prolonged ingestion of iodine can produce goiter, and is known as:
- A. Jod-Basedow effect
- B. Sick euthyroid syndrome
- C. Wolf-Chaikoff effect
- D. Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The prolonged ingestion of iodine causing goiter is known as the Wolf-Chaikoff effect. This phenomenon occurs when high levels of iodine cause a temporary inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in a decrease in thyroid hormone production. In some individuals, this can lead to the development of a goiter due to the lack of thyroid hormone feedback regulation. It is important to note that the Wolf-Chaikoff effect typically resolves on its own as the thyroid gland adapts to the increased iodine levels over time.
Phaeochromocytoma may be associated with following anomalies except:
- A. Neurofibromatosis
- B. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
- C. Hyperparathyroidism
- D. Addison's disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phaeochromocytoma may be associated with Medullary carcinoma of thyroid, Hyperparathyroidism, and Addison's disease as part of MEN Syndrome (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) Type 2. However, it is not typically associated with Neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is associated with the development of benign tumors of nerve tissue and is not directly linked to the presence of Phaeochromocytoma.
Which of the following are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
- A. Tremor
- B. Weight gain
- C. Heat intolerance
- D. Diarrhoea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tremor (A): Tremors or shaky hands are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This is due to the increased metabolic rate caused by excess thyroid hormone in the body.