Nokea
A patient presents with a yellowish-white spot on the cornea, surrounded by a ring of inflammation. Slit-lamp examination reveals branching, filamentous opacities extending from the corneal lesion. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Herpes simplex keratitis
- B. Bacterial keratitis
- C. Fungal keratitis
- D. Acanthamoeba keratitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The described clinical presentation of a yellowish-white spot on the cornea with a ring of inflammation, along with branching, filamentous opacities extending from the corneal lesion, is highly suggestive of fungal keratitis. Fungal keratitis is commonly caused by filamentous fungi such as Fusarium and Aspergillus species. The characteristic finding of branching, filamentous opacities seen on slit-lamp examination is classic for fungal infections of the cornea. It is important to promptly diagnose and treat fungal keratitis since delayed or inadequate management can result in vision-threatening complications.
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Which of the following structures is responsible for producing hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, essential for the digestion of proteins and absorption of vitamin B12, respectively?
- A. Liver
- B. Stomach
- C. Pancreas
- D. Small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The stomach is responsible for producing hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Hydrochloric acid helps in the breakdown of proteins during digestion, while intrinsic factor aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. These two components are crucial for the proper functioning of the digestive system, particularly in breaking down food and absorbing essential nutrients. The liver is involved in bile production, the pancreas in the production of digestive enzymes, and the small intestine in nutrient absorption, but the specific functions related to hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are primarily attributed to the stomach.
A patient presents with unilateral nasal congestion, facial pain, and purulent nasal discharge. Upon examination, tenderness is noted over the affected sinus. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Allergic rhinitis
- B. Acute sinusitis
- C. Nasal polyps
- D. Deviated nasal septum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The patient's symptoms of unilateral nasal congestion, facial pain, and purulent nasal discharge with tenderness over the affected sinus are suggestive of acute sinusitis. Acute sinusitis is typically caused by a viral or bacterial infection leading to inflammation and swelling of the sinus mucosa, resulting in the characteristic symptoms described. The tenderness over the affected sinus indicates inflammation in that area. Allergic rhinitis typically presents with bilateral nasal congestion, clear nasal discharge, and itching, rather than facial pain and purulent discharge. Nasal polyps are associated with chronic conditions and usually lead to more gradual onset of symptoms. A deviated nasal septum may contribute to chronic sinus issues but typically does not present with acute symptoms of infection like purulent discharge and facial pain.
A patient expresses fear of needles before a scheduled blood draw. What is the nurse's best approach to address this fear?
- A. Dismiss the patient's fear and proceed with the blood draw.
- B. Provide the patient with information about relaxation techniques and distraction methods.
- C. Ignore the patient's fear and proceed with the blood draw quickly.
- D. Tell the patient that fear of needles is irrational and unfounded.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse's best approach to address the patient's fear of needles before a blood draw is to provide the patient with information about relaxation techniques and distraction methods (Option B). Dismissing the patient's fear (Option A), ignoring the fear and proceeding quickly (Option C), or telling the patient that the fear is irrational and unfounded (Option D) would not be helpful and could potentially escalate the patient's anxiety. Providing information on relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or visualization, as well as distraction methods like listening to music or engaging in conversation, can help the patient feel more comfortable and reduce their fear and anxiety during the blood draw procedure. It is important for the nurse to acknowledge and address the patient's concerns in a supportive and empathetic manner to build trust and ensure a successful blood draw experience.
The patient 's wife is-so anxious about the condition of her husband. The MOST appropriate INITIAL intervention for the nurse to make is to ________.
- A. describe her husband 's medical treatment since admission
- B. reassure her that the important fact is her presence
- C. explain the nature of the injury and reassure her that husband's condition is stable
- D. allow her to verbalize her feelings and concerns
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In situations where a patient's family member is expressing anxiety about their loved one's condition, it is important for the nurse to provide clear and accurate information about the patient's status. By explaining the nature of the injury and reassuring the wife that her husband's condition is stable, the nurse can help alleviate her anxiety and address her concerns in a meaningful way. This intervention focuses on open communication and providing emotional support, which are crucial in helping the family member cope with the situation. It is essential to establish trust and create a supportive environment for the family member during this stressful time.
Deductive Reasoning process is applied in:
- A. Qualitative research
- B. Action research
- C. Quantitative research
- D. Applied research
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which conclusions are drawn from a set of premises or given information. In quantitative research, this type of reasoning is commonly used to test hypotheses and make predictions based on theories and existing knowledge. Researchers start with established theories or hypotheses and then collect data to either support or refute them. This structured approach aligns with the principles of deductive reasoning and is a key characteristic of quantitative research methodology.