Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast

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The nurse is reviewing information in anticipation of providing education to her patient. What is an accurate statement about ovarian cancer?

  • A. The symptoms of ovarian cancer are easy to detect because they are very specific to the disease process.
  • B. The symptoms of ovarian cancer are difficult to detect because they are vague and nonspecific.
  • C. There are no symptoms of ovarian cancer.
  • D. There are screening tests available for ovarian cancer that make it easy to detect.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the symptoms of ovarian cancer are often vague and nonspecific, leading to challenges in early detection. Symptoms such as bloating, pelvic pain, difficulty eating, and frequent urination can be mistaken for other conditions. This lack of specific symptoms makes it difficult for individuals to recognize the signs of ovarian cancer. Choice A is incorrect because the symptoms are not easy to detect. Choice C is incorrect as ovarian cancer does present symptoms. Choice D is incorrect as there are no reliable screening tests for ovarian cancer, which contributes to the difficulty in early detection.

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A 28-year-old patient presents with recurrent urinary tract infections and continuous wet sensation in her undergarments. On examination, the provider observes leaking of urine noted in the vagina. What structural disorder of the female reproductive system is most likely responsible for this condition?

  • A. pelvic floor prolapse
  • B. DES exposure
  • C. vaginal septum
  • D. bladder fistula
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: bladder fistula. A bladder fistula is an abnormal connection between the bladder and another organ, leading to urine leakage into the vagina. In this case, the continuous wet sensation and urine leakage observed in the vagina indicate a communication between the bladder and the vagina. Pelvic floor prolapse (choice A) can cause urinary incontinence but does not involve direct leakage of urine into the vagina. DES exposure (choice B) is associated with reproductive tract abnormalities but not specifically with urinary incontinence. A vaginal septum (choice C) is a congenital condition where the vagina is divided by a septum, which would not directly cause urine leakage into the vagina.

In the postpartal period, the uterine fundus should no longer be palpable after

  • A. 14 days
  • B. 10 days
  • C. 7 days
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The fundus typically descends into the pelvis and is no longer palpable by 10 days postpartum.

To prevent contamination and encourage drying of the umbilical cord stump, caregivers should be advised to

  • A. give the newborn daily tub baths
  • B. pull on the cord stump daily
  • C. fold diapers down to avoid covering the cord stump
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Keeping the cord stump exposed to air promotes drying and reduces infection risk.

During a 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation would be most likely to occur on day _____ of the cycle.

  • A. 3
  • B. 8
  • C. 14
  • D. 21
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ovulation typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle.

The physician diagnoses a 3-cm cyst in the ovary of a 28-year-old patient. You expect the initial treatment to include

  • A. initiating hormone therapy.
  • B. scheduling a laparoscopy to remove the cyst.
  • C. examining the patient after her next menstrual perio
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because examining the patient after her next menstrual period allows for monitoring the cyst's size and nature. This approach is conservative and avoids unnecessary interventions like hormone therapy or surgery. Monitoring the cyst over time can help determine if it is benign or requires further treatment. Initiating hormone therapy (choice A) is not necessary at this point and may not address the cyst. Scheduling a laparoscopy to remove the cyst (choice B) is invasive and premature without first observing the cyst's behavior. Waiting for the next menstrual period allows for a more informed decision-making process based on the cyst's response to hormonal changes.

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