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Why do infants born at 25 weeks' gestation have a poor survival rate?
- A. Cardiac development is incomplete.
- B. Fetal lung alveoli are not present in sufficient numbers.
- C. Gastrointestinal development is incomplete.
- D. Sucking reflex is not present.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because infants born at 25 weeks' gestation have a poor survival rate due to insufficient numbers of fetal lung alveoli. This leads to respiratory distress and difficulty in oxygen exchange, impacting their chances of survival. Choice A is incorrect as cardiac development is not the primary factor affecting survival. Choice C is incorrect as gastrointestinal development does not directly impact survival at this stage. Choice D is incorrect as the sucking reflex is not a critical factor in survival compared to respiratory function.
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After counseling with an obstetrician about infertility, a couple is advised to undergo testicular sperm aspiration. The nurse is aware that the procedure may be recommended for which infertility?
- A. Blocked fallopian tubes
- B. Unsuccessful vasectomy reversal
- C. Poor cervical mucus production
- D. Diminished sperm motility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Testicular sperm aspiration is a procedure to retrieve sperm directly from the testicles.
Step 2: If a vasectomy reversal was unsuccessful, it means there is no sperm in the ejaculate due to the blocked vas deferens.
Step 3: Testicular sperm aspiration can be recommended in such cases to retrieve sperm for assisted reproductive techniques.
Summary:
A: Blocked fallopian tubes do not involve male infertility; they affect female fertility.
C: Poor cervical mucus production is a female factor, not male.
D: Diminished sperm motility may require other treatments, not testicular sperm aspiration.
Fetal circulation includes 3 shunts. Match each shunt to its physiologic action. Ductus venosus
- A. Connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta, bypassing the lungs.
- B. Connects the right and left atria.
- C. Connects the right and left ventricles.
- D. Allows the umbilical vein to bypass the liver to flow into the inferior vena cava.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ductus venosus allows the umbilical vein to bypass the liver.
A woman is 15 weeks pregnant with her first baby. She asks how long it will be before she feels the baby move. The best answer is:
- A. You should have felt the baby move by now.
- B. Within the next month, you should start to feel fluttering sensations.
- C. The baby is moving; however, you can't feel it yet.
- D. Some babies are quiet, and you don't feel them move.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Maternal perception of fetal movement usually begins 16 to 20 weeks after conception.
A female patient with a history of infertility is scheduled to have a hysterosalpingogram. Which findings can be detected with this procedure? Select all that apply.
- A. Tubal occlusions
- B. Uterine fibroids
- C. Cervical irritation
- D. Bicornate uterus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tubal occlusions. Hysterosalpingogram is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to evaluate the uterus and fallopian tubes. It can detect tubal occlusions by visualizing the flow of contrast dye through the fallopian tubes. Choice B, uterine fibroids, is incorrect as hysterosalpingogram does not specifically assess uterine fibroids. Choice C, cervical irritation, is also incorrect as this procedure focuses on the uterus and fallopian tubes, not the cervix. Choice D, bicornuate uterus, is incorrect as hysterosalpingogram primarily evaluates tubal patency and uterine cavity shape, not specific uterine anomalies like a bicornuate uterus.
Which immunoglobulin is the only one that crosses the placenta during pregnancy?
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgM
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. IgG is the only immunoglobulin that can cross the placenta due to its small size and ability to bind to the neonatal Fc receptor. This transfer provides passive immunity to the fetus, protecting it from infections. IgA primarily functions in mucosal immunity and is found in secretions like breast milk. IgM is too large to cross the placenta and is mainly produced in response to acute infections. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells and functions in the activation of these cells.