Nokea
The diagnosis of pregnancy is based on which positive signs of pregnancy? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Identification of fetal heartbeat
- B. Palpation of fetal outline
- C. Visualization of the fetus
- D. Verification of fetal movement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A (Identification of fetal heartbeat) being correct:
1. Detection of fetal heartbeat confirms the presence of a developing fetus.
2. It is a definitive sign of pregnancy and indicates fetal viability.
3. Fetal heartbeat can be detected using ultrasound or Doppler.
4. This sign is not subject to interpretation or misinterpretation.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
- Choice B (Palpation of fetal outline) and D (Verification of fetal movement) are considered probable signs of pregnancy and do not provide definitive confirmation.
- Choice C (Visualization of the fetus) is not a reliable sign as it requires advanced imaging techniques and can be subjective.
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Which time-based description of a stage of development in pregnancy is accurate?
- A. Viability-22 to 37 weeks since the last menstrual period (LMP) (assuming a fetal weight >500 g).
- B. Full Term-Pregnancy from the beginning of week 39 of gestation to the end of week 40
- C. Preterm-Pregnancy from 20 to 28 weeks.
- D. Postdate-Pregnancy that extends beyond 38 weeks.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Full Term-Pregnancy from the beginning of week 39 of gestation to the end of week 40. This is accurate because full-term pregnancy typically ranges from 39 to 40 weeks of gestation, which is considered the optimal time for a baby to be born in terms of development and health. Viability (Choice A) refers to the ability of a fetus to survive outside the womb and typically occurs between 22 to 37 weeks. Preterm (Choice C) describes a pregnancy that occurs before 37 weeks. Postdate (Choice D) refers to a pregnancy that extends beyond 40 weeks. Therefore, Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the full-term stage of pregnancy.
The female reproductive system is directly involved in:
- A. Producing eggs
- B. Conceiving
- C. Carrying babies
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The female reproductive system performs all these functions, including producing eggs, facilitating conception, and supporting fetal development during pregnancy.
Which finding in the urine analysis of a pregnant woman is considered a variation of normal?
- A. Proteinuria
- B. Glycosuria
- C. Bacteria in the urine
- D. Ketones in the urine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Small amounts of glucose may indicate 'physiologic spilling.' The presence of protein could indicate kidney disease or preeclampsia.
To reassure and educate pregnant patients about changes in their blood pressure, maternity nurses should be aware that:
- A. a blood pressure cuff that is too small produces a reading that is too low; a cuff that is too large produces a reading that is too high
- B. shifting the patient's position and changing from arm to arm for different measurements produces the most accurate composite blood pressure reading at each visit
- C. the systolic blood pressure increases slightly as pregnancy advances; the diastolic pressure remains constant
- D. compression of the iliac veins and inferior vena cava by the uterus contributes to hemorrhoids in the later stage of term pregnancy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Compression of pelvic veins by the enlarging uterus contributes to varicosities, including hemorrhoids. Blood pressure trends vary, but systolic pressure generally remains stable while diastolic pressure decreases initially.
During a patient's physical examination the nurse notes that the lower uterine segment is soft on palpation. The nurse would document this finding as:
- A. Hegar's sign.
- B. McDonald's sign.
- C. Chadwick's sign.
- D. Goodell's sign.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chadwick's sign. This sign refers to the bluish discoloration of the cervix and vagina due to increased vascularity in early pregnancy. The lower uterine segment being soft on palpation is consistent with Chadwick's sign, indicating early signs of pregnancy.
A: Hegar's sign refers to softening of the lower uterine segment, not the cervix or vagina.
B: McDonald's sign is the softening of the uterus at the isthmus, not specifically at the lower uterine segment.
D: Goodell's sign pertains to softening of the cervix, not the lower uterine segment.