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A __________ is often helpful to use when a problem is not easily identified.
- A. trial and error
- B. Delphi method
- C. political decision-making model
- D. affinity map
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: affinity map. When a problem is not easily identified, using an affinity map can help organize and visually represent different ideas or information related to the issue. This method allows for clustering similar themes or concepts, leading to a clearer understanding of the problem.
A: Trial and error involves randomly trying different solutions without a systematic approach.
B: The Delphi method is a structured communication technique for gathering opinions from experts, which may not directly help in identifying the problem.
C: Political decision-making model focuses on power dynamics and interests, which may not be relevant for problem identification.
In summary, using an affinity map promotes structured organization of information, making it the most suitable choice for identifying unclear problems.
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A healthcare professional is administering 1 L of 0.9% sodium chloride to a client who is postoperative and has fluid volume deficit. Which of the following changes should the healthcare professional identify as an indication that the treatment was successful?
- A. Increase in hematocrit
- B. Increase in respiratory rate
- C. Decrease in heart rate
- D. Decrease in capillary refill time
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decrease in capillary refill time. Administering 0.9% sodium chloride helps to increase blood volume and improve tissue perfusion, leading to a decrease in capillary refill time. This improvement indicates that the treatment was successful in addressing the fluid volume deficit.
A: Increase in hematocrit would not be an immediate indication of the success of fluid resuscitation as it may take time for the hematocrit levels to reflect changes in blood volume.
B: Increase in respiratory rate could indicate respiratory distress or other issues not related to the effectiveness of fluid resuscitation.
C: Decrease in heart rate could be due to various factors and may not directly correlate with the success of fluid replacement therapy.
In summary, the most immediate and direct indicator of successful fluid resuscitation in this scenario is a decrease in capillary refill time.
The Hawthorne effect explains that the relationship between people and productivity is enhanced by which of the following?
- A. Special attention
- B. Organizations
- C. Creativity
- D. Groups
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Special attention. The Hawthorne effect states that individuals modify their behavior when they know they are being observed. Providing special attention to individuals can lead to increased productivity as they are more motivated to perform well. This concept emphasizes the importance of personal interactions and recognition in improving productivity.
Summary:
- B: Organizations - While organizations play a role in productivity, the Hawthorne effect focuses on individual behavior rather than organizational structure.
- C: Creativity - While creativity can enhance productivity, the Hawthorne effect specifically highlights the impact of attention and observation on behavior.
- D: Groups - While group dynamics can influence productivity, the Hawthorne effect focuses on individual responses to attention and observation.
A nurse recognizes which of the following as a primary goal of nursing?
- A. Assist patients to achieve a peaceful death.
- B. Improve personal knowledge and skills to enhance patient outcomes.
- C. Advocate for quality of life over the quantity of life.
- D. Work to control costs to enhance patients' quality of life.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the primary goal of nursing is to provide holistic care, which includes helping patients achieve a peaceful death. This involves promoting comfort, dignity, and emotional support for patients and their families at the end of life. Choice B focuses on personal development, not the primary goal of nursing. Choice C emphasizes quality of life, which is important but not the primary goal. Choice D prioritizes cost control, which is not the central focus of nursing care. Overall, assisting patients to achieve a peaceful death reflects the essence of nursing care and the importance of compassion and support in end-of-life situations.
Which leadership style is most effective in a crisis situation?
- A. Democratic
- B. Autocratic
- C. Transformational
- D. Laissez-faire
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autocratic. In a crisis situation, quick and decisive actions are crucial. An autocratic leadership style allows for immediate decision-making and clear direction, which is essential in rapidly changing and high-stress environments. This style ensures swift responses and minimizes confusion or delays.
Incorrect choices:
A: Democratic leadership involves group decision-making, which may be time-consuming and not suitable for urgent crisis situations.
C: Transformational leadership focuses on inspiring and empowering others, which may not be as effective in a crisis when quick and direct actions are needed.
D: Laissez-faire leadership gives employees a high degree of freedom and independence, which can lead to chaos and lack of direction in a crisis scenario.
A Staff Nurse submits a six-week notice of resignation. The Nurse Manager prepares a request to immediately post the position and begin interviews. This action is best described as which of the following?
- A. Delegation
- B. A time-waster
- C. Reactive management
- D. Proactive management
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proactive management. This is because the Nurse Manager is taking preemptive action by posting the position and starting interviews immediately upon receiving the resignation notice. This proactive approach ensures a smooth transition and minimizes disruptions in patient care.
Choice A, Delegation, is incorrect because the Nurse Manager is not assigning tasks to others but taking direct action. Choice B, A time-waster, is incorrect as the Manager's actions are aimed at being efficient and timely. Choice C, Reactive management, is incorrect as the Manager is not waiting for an issue to arise but is being proactive in planning for the future.