Nokea
Which of the following statements about fat and fat digestion/absorption is true?
- A. Fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into mixed micelles and absorbed directly across the microvillus cell membrane
- B. Triglycerides are resynthesized from fatty acids and monoglyceride in the intestinal epithelial cell and are exported directly into the portal circulation
- C. Pancreatic lipase functions best at a pH of 3
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because none of the statements are true. A is incorrect because fat-soluble vitamins are incorporated into chylomicrons before absorption. B is incorrect because triglycerides are resynthesized in the intestinal cell but packaged into chylomicrons, not directly exported. C is incorrect because pancreatic lipase functions best at a pH of around 7-8, not 3. So, the correct answer is D as all the other choices are incorrect.
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What laboratory findings are expected in ulcerative colitis as a result of diarrhea and vomiting?
- A. Increased albumin
- B. Elevated white blood cells (WBCs)
- C. Decreased Na+, K+, Mg+, Cl'“, and HCO3'“
- D. Decreased hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In ulcerative colitis, diarrhea and vomiting lead to electrolyte imbalances, resulting in decreased levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
Where is the majority of absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. large intestine
- D. mouth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The majority of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is because the small intestine has a large surface area due to its villi and microvilli, which increase the absorption capacity. Additionally, the small intestine contains specialized cells that facilitate the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. In contrast, the stomach's main function is to break down food, the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and the mouth is responsible for initial digestion through chewing and saliva production. Therefore, choice B is correct as it aligns with the anatomical and physiological functions of the digestive system.
The tunica muscularis in the superior esophagus is made up of ______ muscle.
- A. skeletal
- B. cardiac
- C. smooth
- D. smooth and skeletal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: skeletal muscle. The superior esophagus contains skeletal muscle in its tunica muscularis, allowing for voluntary control over swallowing. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, not in the esophagus. Smooth muscle is present in the lower esophagus for involuntary movements. Choice D is incorrect as the superior esophagus does not contain a mix of smooth and skeletal muscle.
To prevent gastroesophageal reflux in a male client with a hiatal hernia, the nurse should provide which of the following discharge instructions?
- A. "Lie down after meals to promote digestion."
- B. "Avoid coffee and alcoholic beverages."
- C. "Take antacids with meals."
- D. "Limit fluid intake with meals."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Avoid coffee and alcoholic beverages." This is because both coffee and alcohol can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to increased likelihood of gastroesophageal reflux.
A: "Lie down after meals" can worsen reflux symptoms as gravity helps keep stomach contents down.
C: "Take antacids with meals" may provide temporary relief but does not address the underlying cause of reflux.
D: "Limit fluid intake with meals" can help reduce bloating but has no direct impact on preventing reflux.
A nurse is reviewing the laboratory data of a client who has acute pancreatitis. The nurse should expect to find an elevation of which of following values?
- A. Calcium
- B. RBC count
- C. Magnesium
- D. Amylase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Amylase. During acute pancreatitis, the pancreas becomes inflamed, leading to leakage of amylase into the bloodstream. Therefore, elevated levels of serum amylase are expected in clients with acute pancreatitis.
A: Calcium levels may be decreased in acute pancreatitis due to fat necrosis and calcium binding to free fatty acids.
B: RBC count is not typically affected in acute pancreatitis.
C: Magnesium levels may be normal or slightly decreased, but it is not a consistent finding in acute pancreatitis.