Nokea
Exhaling into a paper bag and rebreathing the exhaled air would be expected to
- A. alert the brain.
- B. increase the breathing rate.
- C. stimulate the carotid bodies.
- D. b and c only
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Exhaling into a paper bag and rebreathing the exhaled air leads to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the body. This increase stimulates the carotid bodies, which detect changes in blood chemistry, leading to an increase in breathing rate. This process does not directly alert the brain, as high carbon dioxide levels typically cause drowsiness rather than alertness. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it correctly identifies the effects of rebreathing on both breathing rate and carotid body stimulation. Choice A is incorrect because rebreathing does not directly alert the brain. Choice B is incorrect as rebreathing actually decreases the need for increased breathing rate initially. Choice C alone is incorrect as it does not address the effect on breathing rate.
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What is the purpose of treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel)?
- A. To prevent viral pneumonia if taken regularly.
- B. To prevent avian flu if taken at the first signs and symptoms of disease.
- C. To lessen the severity of type A flu symptoms if taken within 48 hours of exposure.
- D. To reduce irritation of bronchitis if taken weekly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Amantadine is an antiviral medication effective against type A influenza virus.
2. By taking it within 48 hours of exposure, it can lessen flu symptoms by inhibiting viral replication.
3. It does not prevent pneumonia or avian flu specifically.
4. It is not used for reducing bronchitis irritation.
Summary:
Amantadine is specifically used to reduce the severity of type A flu symptoms when taken within 48 hours of exposure. It is not for prevention of viral pneumonia, avian flu, or bronchitis irritation.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has returned to the unit following a bronchoscopy. The patient is asking for something to drink. Which criterion will determine when the nurse should allow the patient to drink fluids?
- A. Presence of a cough and gag reflex
- B. Absence of nausea
- C. Ability to demonstrate deep inspiration
- D. Oxygen saturation of ≥92%
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, presence of a cough and gag reflex. After a bronchoscopy, it is crucial for the nurse to ensure the patient has a cough and gag reflex before allowing them to drink fluids to prevent aspiration. Cough reflex helps clear secretions, and gag reflex prevents fluids from entering the airway. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the safety of the patient's ability to swallow post-bronchoscopy.
Carbonic anhydrase in the RBC is the fastest enzyme and it decomposes in one second for fast action. Its concentration in the blood is due to the presence of
- A. Plasma
- B. Carbon dioxide
- C. Sodium ions
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hemoglobin. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells that rapidly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in transporting carbon dioxide in the blood. The high concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells allows for efficient binding and transport of carbon dioxide, leading to the need for a rapid enzyme like carbonic anhydrase to facilitate its conversion. Plasma (choice A) does not directly influence the concentration of carbonic anhydrase. Carbon dioxide (choice B) is the substrate for carbonic anhydrase, not the reason for its concentration. Sodium ions (choice C) do not directly affect the action of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.
Oxygenated blood from lungs is carried to heart by
- A. Pulmonary artery
- B. Pulmonary vein
- C. Coronary vein
- D. Pre-cavals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary vein. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried to the heart by the pulmonary vein. After receiving oxygen in the lungs, blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins to be pumped to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery (A) carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The coronary vein (C) drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle. Pre-cavals (D) is not a term used in the context of blood circulation.
The COPD patient delightedly tells the nurse that he has quit smoking and is using chewing tobacco. The nurse's best intervention would be to:
- A. Congratulate him on his quitting smoking.
- B. Warn him of the dangers of oral cancer.
- C. Suggest that he add nicotine patches in addition to the chewing tobacco.
- D. Point out that he is still addicted and is using tobacco.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The nurse should point out that the patient is still addicted and using tobacco. This is important because quitting smoking is a positive step, but using chewing tobacco still poses health risks. By highlighting the addiction and continued use of tobacco, the nurse can provide necessary education and support for the patient's overall health.
Choice A is incorrect because it fails to address the continued tobacco use. Choice B is also incorrect as it focuses on a specific risk (oral cancer) rather than the broader issue of tobacco addiction. Choice C is incorrect as adding nicotine patches would not address the fact that the patient is still using tobacco in another form.