Nokea
If the CO2 concentration in the blood increases, the breathing shall
- A. Increase
- B. Decrease
- C. Stop
- D. No affect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When CO2 concentration in the blood increases, it leads to respiratory acidosis, causing the body to increase breathing rate to expel excess CO2 and restore pH balance. This increase in breathing helps eliminate CO2 through exhalation, thus the correct answer is A.
Choice B is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration triggers an increase in breathing to remove the excess CO2, not decrease it.
Choice C is incorrect because stopping breathing would be life-threatening and is not a physiological response to high CO2 levels.
Choice D is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration does have an effect on breathing rate to maintain homeostasis.
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Which intervention for airway management should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Assist client to sit up on side of bed.
- B. Instruct client to cough effectively.
- C. Teach client to use incentive spirometry.
- D. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hours.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Assisting the client to sit up is a basic intervention suitable for a nursing assistant. Instructing effective coughing (B) and teaching incentive spirometry (C) require more skill. Auscultating breath sounds (D) is outside the scope of practice for a nursing assistant.
Which of these statements is false regarding Pulmonary Resistance?
- A. Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally cause a fall in pulmonary resistance
- B. Pulmonary resistance is only 1/10 of systemic circulation resistance
- C. Increase of lung volume results in increase of resistance in extra alveolar vessels
- D. Acetylcholine has a good bronchiole smooth muscle relaxation effect
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
- Increase of lung volume results in decrease, not increase, in resistance in extra alveolar vessels due to increased recruitment of capillaries.
- This is known as distension recruitment, which helps reduce resistance in extra alveolar vessels.
- Increased lung volume also helps to distribute blood flow more evenly in the lungs, reducing resistance.
- Therefore, statement C is false.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: True - increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally causes a fall in pulmonary resistance due to vessel dilation.
B: True - pulmonary resistance is indeed lower than systemic circulation resistance due to shorter pulmonary vascular bed.
D: True - acetylcholine causes bronchiole smooth muscle contraction, not relaxation.
A nurse is assessing a client who has suffered a nasal fracture. Which assessment would the nurse perform first?
- A. Facial pain
- B. Vital signs
- C. Bone displacement
- D. Airway patency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Airway patency. Ensuring airway patency is the top priority in any client assessment, especially in cases of facial trauma like a nasal fracture. This is because compromised airway can lead to respiratory distress or failure. Assessing airway patency should always be the first step to ensure the client's ability to breathe.
Facial pain (A) may be important but does not address immediate life-threatening concerns. Vital signs (B) are important but assessing airway patency takes precedence for client safety. Bone displacement (C) is relevant but does not address the immediate need to maintain airway patency.
Tracheal respiration is found in
- A. Insects and Millipedes
- B. Scorpion and Prawn
- C. Pila and Lobuster
- D. Starfish and Sea cucumber
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tracheal respiration is a type of respiration system found in insects and millipedes. This system involves the use of tracheae, which are tiny tubes that deliver oxygen directly to tissues. Insects and millipedes have evolved this efficient respiratory system to support their high metabolic rates. Scorpions and prawns (Choice B), Pila and lobsters (Choice C), and starfish and sea cucumbers (Choice D) do not have tracheal respiration systems. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Haldane effect refers to
- A. Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension
- B. Increased O2 tension
- C. Decreased CO2 tension
- D. Decreases O2 tension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension. The Haldane effect describes how the blood's ability to carry CO2 increases as oxygen levels decrease. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it displaces CO2, allowing more CO2 to be carried by the blood. This phenomenon is crucial in the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues.
Choice B is incorrect as the Haldane effect is related to CO2, not O2 tension. Choice C is incorrect as the Haldane effect leads to increased CO2 uptake, not decreased. Choice D is incorrect as it states decreases O2 tension, which is not directly related to the Haldane effect.