Nokea
What drives the emergence of immuno-resistant pathogen strains?
- A. Host immune system failure
- B. Slow mutation rates in pathogens
- C. Rapid pathogen reproduction and mutations
- D. Absence of host immune adaptation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Rapid pathogen reproduction and mutations drive the emergence of immuno-resistant pathogen strains. This is because the high rate of reproduction allows for more opportunities for mutations to occur, some of which may confer resistance to the host's immune system or medical interventions. Slow mutation rates in pathogens (B) would not lead to the rapid emergence of resistant strains. Host immune system failure (A) occurs after the pathogen has already developed resistance. The absence of host immune adaptation (D) does not directly drive the emergence of resistant strains as it is the rapid reproduction and mutations of pathogens that play a crucial role.
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Lysozyme is NOT
- A. An enzyme present in secretions and tears
- B. A type of Defensin
- C. Part of the chemical innate barriers to infection
- D. A protein capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because lysozyme is not a type of defensin. Lysozyme is an enzyme present in secretions and tears, part of chemical innate barriers to infection, and capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria. Defensins are a different type of antimicrobial peptides that function by disrupting the microbial cell membrane. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it does not accurately describe lysozyme's function.
What type of dressing will the nurse most likely use for the patient in Question 14?
- A. Dry, sterile dressing
- B. Absorptive dressing
- C. Negative pressure wound therapy
- D. Telfa dressing with antibiotic ointment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Absorptive dressings are ideal for wounds with moderate exudate, helping maintain a moist environment conducive to healing while preventing maceration.
A major effector function of TH2 cells is:
- A. Protection against intracellular bacteria
- B. Protection against parasitic worms
- C. Regulation of the adaptive immune response through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines
- D. Activation of macrophages
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because TH2 cells play a crucial role in protecting against parasitic worms by secreting cytokines that promote eosinophil activation and antibody production. This response helps to expel the parasites from the body.
Incorrect choices:
A: TH1 cells are responsible for protection against intracellular bacteria.
C: TH3 cells, not TH2 cells, are known for secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines.
D: Activation of macrophages is primarily mediated by TH1 cells through IFN-gamma secretion.
When the clinic nurse starts to take the "air cast" off the grade 2 sprain, the patient asks why it is being removed since he still has pain. Which explanation is best?
- A. "Long-term immobilization can interfere with adequate circulation."
- B. "Long-term immobilization may increase long-term edema."
- C. "Long-term immobilization can cause permanent disability."
- D. "This cast will be replaced with a heavier cast."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because long-term immobilization can indeed cause permanent disability in the case of a grade 2 sprain. Prolonged immobilization can lead to muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and decreased range of motion, which can result in long-term disability. Choice A is incorrect because adequate circulation is more related to prolonged immobilization, not short-term removal for evaluation. Choice B is incorrect as edema is a short-term concern and not a direct result of long-term immobilization. Choice D is incorrect as there is no indication that a heavier cast will be used.
Why do we constantly need new flu vaccines?
- A. Because flu viruses mutate frequently due to their error-prone RNA polymerase
- B. Because completely new variants can be created from an assortment of previously circulating strains due the segmented nature of the viral genome
- C. Because antibodies generated in vaccinated people are short-lived and need to be generated again with a new vaccine injection
- D. Both A and B are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Choice A is correct because flu viruses mutate frequently due to their error-prone RNA polymerase, leading to new strains. Choice B is correct because the segmented nature of the viral genome allows for reassortment of different strains, creating completely new variants. Therefore, new vaccines are needed to target these evolving strains. Choice C is incorrect as the need for new vaccines is primarily driven by the genetic variability of the virus, not solely by the short-lived nature of antibodies. Thus, choices A and B together provide a comprehensive explanation for the constant need for new flu vaccines.