Nokea
What is a primary characteristic of modern immunology?
- A. It relies solely on innate immunity concepts
- B. It builds on the pioneering work of Jenner, Pasteur, and others
- C. It focuses exclusively on tissue healing
- D. It is an ancient field of study with minimal current advancements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because modern immunology indeed builds on the groundbreaking contributions of scientists like Jenner and Pasteur. Their work laid the foundation for understanding concepts like vaccination and immune responses. Choice A is incorrect because modern immunology encompasses both innate and adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as immunology extends beyond tissue healing to include immune responses to pathogens and self-cells. Choice D is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly evolving field with significant advancements in understanding immune mechanisms and developing new treatments.
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Which mutated tumor suppressor gene is most likely to contribute to many types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung?
- A. p53
- B. APC
- C. BRCA1
- D. BRCA2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene involved in preventing cancer by regulating the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with many types of cancer.
Neurons are
- A. Cells specialized for carrying signals
- B. The functional units of the nervous system
- C. consists of A cell body, Dendrites and Axons
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because neurons are specialized cells that carry signals, making them the functional units of the nervous system. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and axons, fulfilling the criteria mentioned in options A, B, and C. Therefore, option D encompasses all the essential characteristics of neurons, making it the correct choice. Options A, B, and C individually do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of neurons, as they only cover specific aspects of what neurons are, whereas option D encompasses all the correct statements regarding neurons.
What antibody mediates Type I hypersensitivity?
- A. IgA
- B. IgE
- C. IgG
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IgE. In Type I hypersensitivity reactions, IgE antibodies are involved. Firstly, upon initial exposure to an allergen, B cells produce IgE antibodies specific to that allergen. IgE antibodies then bind to mast cells and basophils. Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, it cross-links the IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, leading to degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine. This results in the symptoms of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
Choice A (IgA) is incorrect because IgA is mainly involved in mucosal immunity. Choice C (IgG) is incorrect because while IgG can be involved in Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions, it is not the primary antibody in Type I hypersensitivity. Choice D (IgM) is incorrect because IgM is typically involved in the primary immune response, not in Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
What is the primary role of phagocytosis in innate immunity?
- A. Killing cancer cells
- B. Engulfing and digesting pathogens
- C. Producing antibodies
- D. Activating complement proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary role of phagocytosis in innate immunity is to engulf and digest pathogens. Phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils recognize and engulf bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances to prevent infections. They digest these pathogens using enzymes and destroy them. This process is crucial in the initial defense against infections. Option A is incorrect because phagocytosis primarily targets pathogens, not cancer cells. Option C is incorrect because producing antibodies is a function of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. Option D is incorrect because activating complement proteins is a separate mechanism in the immune response.
In a patient with a positive Chvostek’s sign, the nurse would anticipate the IV administration of which medication?
- A. Calcitonin
- B. Vitamin D
- C. Loop diuretics
- D. Calcium gluconate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chvostek’s sign indicates hypocalcemia, so calcium gluconate is administered to restore normal calcium levels.