Nokea
A heart attack is
- A. damage to cardiac muscle
- B. Typically from a blocked coronary artery
- C. Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head
- D. A & b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, involves damage to the cardiac muscle due to a blocked coronary artery. Choice A is correct as it directly relates to the definition of a heart attack. Choice B is also correct as a blocked coronary artery is the main cause of decreased blood flow to the heart muscle leading to a heart attack. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a stroke, which is the death of brain tissue due to blocked arteries in the head, not a heart attack. Therefore, A & B (choices A and B) are the correct options, making D the correct answer.
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Which type of cancer is most commonly associated with exposure to asbestos?
- A. Lung cancer
- B. Leukemia
- C. Breast cancer
- D. Prostate cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Asbestos exposure is strongly linked to lung cancer, particularly mesothelioma.
What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
- A. It may last 2 to 3 weeks.
- B. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue.
- C. Infective endocarditis is an example of chronic inflammation.
- D. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of the initial injury persists or recurs, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair. Unlike acute inflammation, it involves lymphocytes and macrophages rather than neutrophils.
Plaques are:
- A. clear areas in a lawn of cultured cells caused by virus infection.
- B. stained areas in a cell culture indicating cells infected by a virus.
- C. virus colonies on agar.
- D. bacterial colonies on agar.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Plaques are clear areas caused by virus infection in a lawn of cultured cells. This is because viruses infect cells, causing cell death and lysis, which results in clear areas. Choice B is incorrect because stained areas are not typically associated with plaques. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they refer to virus and bacterial colonies, respectively, not plaques.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. Rapid response and non-specificity
- B. Memory and high antigen specificity
- C. Activation by physical barriers
- D. Constant activity without antigen exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity involves memory, meaning the immune system can recognize and respond more effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This high antigen specificity allows for tailored responses to different pathogens. In contrast, innate immunity lacks memory and specificity, providing only a rapid but non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately capture the key distinguishing features of adaptive immunity.
Which of the following should a client with autoimmune disorder be advised to avoid?
- A. Rest during the periods of severe exacerbation
- B. Regular exercise during the periods of remission
- C. Being in crowds during the periods of immunosuppression
- D. Humid environment during the periods of remission
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clients with autoimmune disorders especially during immunosuppression should avoid crowds to reduce the risk of infections.