Nokea
What was atypical about the 2009 H1N1 pandemic?
- A. It emerged entirely as an assortment of human strains, while typical pandemics are caused by newly generated animal strains
- B. It was a newly assorted virus unrelated to the human strains that were circulating worldwide in 2009
- C. It was a variant of 1918 H1N1 that is still circulating in pigs
- D. It did not affect the very young, an age group typically struck by flu viruses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a newly assorted virus unrelated to existing human strains. This is atypical as typical pandemics are caused by animal strains. Option A is incorrect because the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not emerge entirely as an assortment of human strains. Option C is incorrect as the 2009 H1N1 virus was not a variant of the 1918 H1N1 strain circulating in pigs. Option D is incorrect because the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did affect individuals across all age groups, including the very young.
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Concerning with NLRs, which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Are cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs
- B. Include NOD receptors
- C. In Drosophila also important for embryonic development
- D. Similar proteins are also found in plants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because NLRs are not important for embryonic development in Drosophila. NLRs are primarily involved in immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the cytosol. Choice A is correct as NLRs are indeed cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs. Choice B is correct as NOD receptors are a subset of NLRs. Choice D is correct as similar proteins to NLRs are also found in plants, known as NBS-LRR proteins. Therefore, the incorrect statement is C, as NLRs are not essential for embryonic development in Drosophila.
Tolerogenic dendritic cells
- A. Induce T cell unresponsiveness
- B. Do not secrete IL-12
- C. Express high levels of co-stimulatory molecules
- D. Have recognized PAMPs
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but it seems like there was a mistake in the question. The correct answer is not provided as choice "E." Could you please provide the correct choices for the question so I can provide you with the detailed explanation you are looking for?
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for antibody production?
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Plasma cells (derived from B lymphocytes)
- C. Natural killer cells
- D. Macrophages
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plasma cells (derived from B lymphocytes). B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies. When activated, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized in secreting antibodies. Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis, not antibody production. Natural killer cells are involved in killing infected cells, not antibody production. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that present antigens to activate B lymphocytes but do not produce antibodies themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is B as plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes are primarily responsible for antibody production.
A client is being administered the first dose of belimumab for a systemic lupus erythematosus flare. What actions by the nurse are most appropriate? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Observe the client for at least 2 hours afterward.
- B. Instruct the client about the monthly infusion schedule.
- C. Inform the client not to drive or sign legal papers for 24 hours.
- D. Ensure emergency equipment is working and nearby.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inform the client not to drive or sign legal papers for 24 hours. This is because belimumab can cause dizziness and fatigue as side effects, which may impair the client's ability to drive or make important decisions. It is crucial for the nurse to ensure the safety of the client and others by advising against these activities for 24 hours post-administration.
Choice A: Observing the client for at least 2 hours is important for monitoring immediate adverse reactions, but it is not the most appropriate action in this scenario.
Choice B: Instructing the client about the monthly infusion schedule is important for treatment adherence, but it is not the most immediate concern after the first dose administration.
Choice D: Ensuring emergency equipment is working and nearby is important for safety precautions, but advising the client not to drive or sign legal papers is more directly related to the potential side effects of belimumab.
A protective response to Leishmania parasites is most likely to occur when:
- A. Activated Th cells differentiate into Th1 effectors that secrete IL-4 required to induce secretion of appropriate antibody isotypes
- B. Activated Th cells differentiate into Th2 effectors that secrete IL-4 required to activate macrophages
- C. Activated Th cells differentiate into Th1 effectors that secrete IFNγ required to activate macrophages
- D. Either a Th1- or a Th2-mediated response occurs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in response to Leishmania parasites, the activation of Th cells into Th1 effectors that secrete IFNγ is crucial for activating macrophages to eliminate the intracellular parasites. IFNγ enhances the microbicidal activity of macrophages, helping to control the infection.
Choice A is incorrect because IL-4 is not required to induce the appropriate antibody response against Leishmania parasites.
Choice B is incorrect because Th2 effectors secreting IL-4 would not activate macrophages effectively against Leishmania, which is an intracellular pathogen.
Choice D is incorrect because in the case of Leishmania, a Th1-mediated response is most effective due to the need for macrophage activation by IFNγ.