Nokea
The nurse notes that a patient's eosinophil level is elevated. For which health problem should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Cancer
- B. Allergic reactions
- C. Acute viral infections
- D. Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated eosinophil level indicates an allergic reaction. Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic responses. They increase in response to allergens. Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to harmless substances, triggering the release of eosinophils. Cancer, acute viral infections, and autoimmune diseases typically do not directly cause eosinophil elevation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Allergic reactions).
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Which of these are a type of mutation?
- A. base substitution
- B. translocation
- C. insertion sequences
- D. recombination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: recombination. Recombination is a type of mutation that involves the exchange of genetic material between two DNA molecules. This process can lead to genetic variation and evolution. Base substitution (A) is a point mutation where one base is replaced by another. Translocation (B) involves the movement of a segment of DNA to another location in the genome. Insertion sequences (C) are short segments of DNA that can move within the genome but are not considered a type of mutation. Recombination (D) is the only choice directly related to a type of mutation involving the exchange of genetic material.
Which of the following represents a typical match between pathogen type and Th subset response?
- A. Virus : TH1
- B. Intracellular bacteria : TH2
- C. Virus : TH17
- D. Parasitic worm : TH1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Virus typically triggers a Th1 response because Th1 cells are specialized in combating intracellular pathogens like viruses. Th2 response is more common for extracellular parasites, making choice B incorrect. TH17 response is usually associated with fungal infections and autoimmune diseases, making choice C incorrect. Parasitic worms usually induce a Th2 response due to their extracellular nature, making choice D incorrect.
In each of the following situations identify which option has the highest risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission?
- A. Transmission to women OR to men during sexual intercourse
- B. Hollow-bore needle used for vascular access OR used for IM injection
- C. First 2 to 6 months of infection OR 1 year after infection
- D. Perinatal transmission from HIV-infected mothers taking antiretroviral therapy OR HIV-infected mothers using no therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the acute phase of HIV infection (first 2-6 months), viral loads are extremely high, increasing the likelihood of transmission.
Which complement pathway is triggered by mannose-binding lectin (MBL)?
- A. Alternative pathway
- B. Classical pathway
- C. Lectin pathway
- D. Terminal pathway
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Lectin pathway. MBL recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns containing mannose, initiating the lectin pathway. MBL binds to mannose on microbial surfaces, activating MBL-associated serine proteases, leading to the formation of the C3 convertase. This triggers the rest of the complement cascade.
A: Alternative pathway is triggered by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3, not by MBL.
B: Classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, not MBL.
D: Terminal pathway (also known as the membrane attack complex) is the final step of all complement pathways, not specifically triggered by MBL.
What is the primary role of phagocytosis in innate immunity?
- A. Killing cancer cells
- B. Engulfing and digesting pathogens
- C. Producing antibodies
- D. Activating complement proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary role of phagocytosis in innate immunity is to engulf and digest pathogens. Phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils recognize and engulf bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances to prevent infections. They digest these pathogens using enzymes and destroy them. This process is crucial in the initial defense against infections. Option A is incorrect because phagocytosis primarily targets pathogens, not cancer cells. Option C is incorrect because producing antibodies is a function of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. Option D is incorrect because activating complement proteins is a separate mechanism in the immune response.