Nokea
Match the immunoglobulins with their primary functions:
- A. 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D
- B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A
- C. 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
- D. 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D. Immunoglobulins are antibodies with different functions:
1. IgG (C) - Main antibody in secondary immune response.
2. IgA (A) - Found in mucosal areas, neutralizes pathogens.
3. IgM (B) - First antibody produced in primary immune response.
4. IgE (D) - Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites. Other choices are incorrect as they mismatch the immunoglobulins with their functions.
You may also like to solve these questions
What chemical in poison ivy is responsible for triggering contact dermatitis?
- A. Histamine
- B. Urushiol oil
- C. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- D. C3a
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Urushiol oil. Urushiol oil is the allergen in poison ivy that triggers contact dermatitis. When urushiol oil comes into contact with the skin, it can cause an allergic reaction leading to redness, itching, and inflammation. Histamine (choice A) is a compound released by the body in response to allergens but is not the specific chemical in poison ivy. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (choice C) is a component of the outer membrane of certain bacteria and not present in poison ivy. C3a (choice D) is a complement protein involved in the immune response but not related to poison ivy dermatitis.
What is NOT true about Shigella?
- A. Causes a form of bloody diarrhea
- B. It is a motile species possessing a flagellum
- C. It exploits specialized intestinal cells, called M cells, to infect the host
- D. It can travel from cell to cell, propelled by actin comets
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Shigella is a non-motile species and does not possess a flagellum. Shigella relies on non-flagellar mechanisms for its movement within host cells. Choice A is true as Shigella causes bloody diarrhea. Choice C is also true as Shigella exploits M cells to infect the host. Choice D is true as Shigella can move from cell to cell using actin comets. In summary, choice B is incorrect because Shigella does not have a flagellum, while choices A, C, and D are all true characteristics of Shigella.
The Calvin cycle:
- A. is a C5 pathway
- B. is used by all photoautotrophic microorganisms
- C. is a C4 pathway
- D. is a dark reaction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It occurs in the dark phase (without direct light requirement), making choice D correct. Choice A is incorrect because the Calvin cycle is a C3 pathway, not C5. Choice B is incorrect because not all photoautotrophic microorganisms use the Calvin cycle; some use alternative pathways. Choice C is incorrect because C4 pathway is a different photosynthetic pathway that occurs in certain plants to minimize photorespiration.
The release of IL-8 at an infection site specifically induces
- A. Increase of adhesion molecules on local endothelial cells
- B. Local recruitment of neutrophils
- C. Systemic effects, including fever
- D. Increase of acute-phase proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because IL-8 is a chemokine that specifically functions to recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Neutrophils are crucial for fighting off pathogens. A: Increase of adhesion molecules on local endothelial cells is not directly induced by IL-8. C: Systemic effects, including fever, are typically mediated by other cytokines like IL-1 and IL-6. D: Increase of acute-phase proteins is not the primary role of IL-8 in the immune response.
A patient had a complicated vaginal hysterectomy. The student nurse provided perineal care after the patient had a bowel movement. The student nurse tells the nurse there was a lot of light brown, smelly drainage seeping from the perianal area. What should the nurse suspect when assessing this patient?
- A. Dehiscence
- B. Hemorrhage
- C. Keloid formation
- D. Fistula formation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fistula formation involves abnormal connections between organs or tissues, often caused by infection or trauma. Light brown, smelly drainage suggests communication between the bowel and skin, indicative of a fistula.