Nokea
Selective β2 agonists produce all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Stimulate β2 > β1
- B. Bronchodilation
- C. Decrease of blood pressure
- D. Stimulate uterine contraction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Stimulate uterine contraction. Selective β2 agonists primarily target β2 receptors in the lungs, leading to bronchodilation. They have minimal effect on β1 receptors, thus do not significantly impact heart rate or blood pressure. However, β2 receptors in the uterus can cause uterine relaxation, not contraction. Therefore, selective β2 agonists do not stimulate uterine contractions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they align with the typical effects of selective β2 agonists.
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Target cells respond to hormones because ____________.
- A. they sit next to the cell that makes the hormone
- B. they made the hormone they are responding to
- C. they have receptors for that hormone
- D. all cells in the body respond to all hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because target cells respond to hormones by possessing specific receptors for that hormone. These receptors bind to the hormone, initiating a cellular response. Option A is incorrect as proximity to hormone-producing cells is not the reason for response. Option B is incorrect as target cells do not make the hormones they respond to. Option D is incorrect as not all cells respond to all hormones; only target cells with specific receptors do.
What accurately demonstrates that hormones of one gland influence the function of hormones of another gland?
- A. Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon.
- B. Increased cortisol levels stimulate the secretion of insulin.
- C. Increased testosterone levels inhibit the release of estrogen.
- D. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels inhibit the secretion of aldosterone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon, demonstrating the interaction between these hormones in maintaining glucose balance.
Each of the following types of receptors is correctly matched with the response resulting from its stimulation EXCEPT:
- A. Muscarinic receptors - decreased heart rate
- B. Nicotinic receptors - decreased gastric acid secretion
- C. Alpha adrenergic receptors - increased blood pressure
- D. Beta adrenergic receptors - bronchodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nicotinic receptors are not associated with decreased gastric acid secretion, but rather with muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. A: Muscarinic receptors stimulation leads to decreased heart rate via parasympathetic activation. C: Activation of alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. D: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation and increased heart rate. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not match the typical response of nicotinic receptors.
If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be
- A. increased secretion of oxytocin
- B. decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- C. decreased secretion of oxytocin
- D. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. When you drink a liter of water quickly, it leads to a sudden increase in blood volume and a decrease in blood osmolality. This triggers the body to reduce the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent excessive water retention and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH helps in water reabsorption in the kidneys, so decreased secretion allows for more water to be excreted through urine. The other choices are incorrect because drinking water rapidly would not directly affect oxytocin secretion.
What is meant by antibiotic resistance?
- A. No bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic.
- B. Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics.
- C. No viruses will be killed by any antibiotic.
- D. Only some viruses will be killed by some antibiotics.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to survive and grow despite the presence of an antibiotic. This occurs when bacteria evolve and develop mechanisms to defend against antibiotics. It is not accurate to say that no bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic (choice A) as some bacteria may still be susceptible to certain antibiotics. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so choice C and D are incorrect. In summary, antibiotic resistance specifically pertains to bacteria developing the ability to survive some antibiotics, making choice B the correct answer.