Nokea
In the pancreas, which are the cells that secrete insulin, decrease the blood levels of glucose.
- A. delta.
- B. alpha.
- C. beta.
- D. beta.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: beta cells. Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin, which helps decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. Delta cells (choice A) secrete somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Alpha cells (choice B) secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels. Choice D is a duplicate of choice C. Therefore, the correct answer is C as beta cells play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels through insulin secretion.
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Eicosanoids do not include ________.
- A. paracrines
- B. leukotrienes
- C. hydrocortisones
- D. prostaglandins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hydrocortisones. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from fatty acids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which act as paracrines. Hydrocortisone is a steroid hormone, not an eicosanoid. It functions differently from eicosanoids, which act locally as signaling molecules. Therefore, hydrocortisones do not belong to the eicosanoid category. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because paracrines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are all types of eicosanoids with specific functions in the body.
Propantheline can be used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease because it decreases gastric acid secretion. What prototype drug is most like propantheline?
- A. Atropine
- B. Neostigmine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Phentolamine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Atropine is the correct answer as it is an anticholinergic agent like propantheline, both inhibiting acetylcholine activity. This action reduces gastric acid secretion, aiding in peptic ulcer treatment. Neostigmine (B) increases acetylcholine activity, opposite to propantheline's effect. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker, not directly affecting gastric acid secretion. Phentolamine (D) is an alpha-blocker, also not related to reducing gastric acid secretion.
Mr. R, a 52-year-old patient with hyperthyroidism, is experiencing a thyroid storm. Which of the following symptoms would indicate the need for immediate intervention?
- A. Hypothermia
- B. Low blood pressure
- C. Severe tachycardia
- D. Weight gain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Severe tachycardia is a hallmark of thyroid storm and requires immediate intervention to prevent life-threatening complications such as heart failure or stroke.
Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion?
- A. gastrin
- B. CCK
- C. GIP
- D. secretin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide). GIP is an incretin hormone released from the small intestine in response to glucose ingestion, stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Gastrin (A), CCK (B), and secretin (D) are gastrointestinal hormones that do not directly influence insulin secretion. GIP plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting insulin release, making it the most important hormone in insulin secretion.
If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be
- A. increased secretion of oxytocin
- B. decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- C. decreased secretion of oxytocin
- D. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. When you drink a liter of water quickly, it leads to a sudden increase in blood volume and a decrease in blood osmolality. This triggers the body to reduce the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent excessive water retention and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH helps in water reabsorption in the kidneys, so decreased secretion allows for more water to be excreted through urine. The other choices are incorrect because drinking water rapidly would not directly affect oxytocin secretion.