Nokea
Which of the following is not a therapeutic use of adrenaline:
- A. To prolong the action of local anesthetics
- B. To stop epistaxis
- C. To treat hypertension
- D. To treat anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To treat hypertension. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is not typically used to treat hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics (A), stop epistaxis (B), and treat anaphylaxis (D) due to its ability to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate in emergency situations.
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Alpha methyl dopa can produce:
- A. Inhibition of decarboxylase enzyme
- B. Increases renin
- C. Stimulation of Alpha2 receptor centrally
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication.
Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain.
Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow.
Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure.
Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.
If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be
- A. increased secretion of oxytocin
- B. decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- C. decreased secretion of oxytocin
- D. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. When you drink a liter of water quickly, it leads to a sudden increase in blood volume and a decrease in blood osmolality. This triggers the body to reduce the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent excessive water retention and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH helps in water reabsorption in the kidneys, so decreased secretion allows for more water to be excreted through urine. The other choices are incorrect because drinking water rapidly would not directly affect oxytocin secretion.
Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal cortex?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Glucagon
- D. Calcitonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing aldosterone, a hormone that regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Aldosterone is specifically produced in the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex. Adrenaline (Choice B) is produced by the adrenal medulla, not the cortex. Glucagon (Choice C) is produced by the pancreas, not the adrenal cortex. Calcitonin (Choice D) is produced by the thyroid gland, not the adrenal cortex. Therefore, the correct answer is A because aldosterone is the hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.
To assure accuracy of a urine test for glucose and acetone, the nurse instructs the patient to
- A. perform the urine test one-half hour after meals and at bedtime
- B. drink three glasses of water before the test
- C. void one-half hour before the test, then at the time of the test
- D. increase carbohydrate intake if the results are negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To ensure accurate results, the patient should void before the test and then test the urine at the specified time.
Identify a common function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.Which of the following hormones does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume?
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
- B. aldosterone
- C. oxytocin
- D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) all play a role in regulating blood pressure and volume. ANH promotes sodium and water excretion, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, and ADH controls water reabsorption. On the other hand, oxytocin is a hormone involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not directly related to blood pressure regulation. Therefore, oxytocin is the hormone that does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume.