Nokea
Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?
- A. autocrine
- B. paracrine
- C. endocrine
- D. neural
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: paracrine. Paracrine signaling involves the release of signaling molecules into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby target cells. This type of signaling is localized and affects cells within close proximity. Autocrine signaling (A) involves cells releasing signals that act on themselves, endocrine signaling (C) involves signaling molecules being released into the bloodstream to affect distant target cells, and neural signaling (D) involves the transmission of signals through neurons. In this case, paracrine signaling specifically targets local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid, making it the correct choice.
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To assure accuracy of a urine test for glucose and acetone, the nurse instructs the patient to
- A. perform the urine test one-half hour after meals and at bedtime
- B. drink three glasses of water before the test
- C. void one-half hour before the test, then at the time of the test
- D. increase carbohydrate intake if the results are negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To ensure accurate results, the patient should void before the test and then test the urine at the specified time.
“Sugar, salt, and sex†is descriptive of
- A. ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone.
- B. cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
- C. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen.
- D. insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone. "Sugar, salt, and sex" refers to hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol regulates sugar metabolism, aldosterone regulates salt balance, and testosterone is involved in sexual characteristics. A: ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone are hormones produced by the pituitary gland. C: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen are not directly related to the terms given. D: Insulin, glucagon, and cortisol are involved in glucose regulation, but do not match the specific terms provided.
A nurse draws up 10 units of regular-acting insulin to give to a client who has been diabetic for 10 years. What does the nurse do prior to giving the insulin to the client to prevent a medication error?
- A. Check the client's last glucose level drawn and inform the physician of the result.
- B. Inform the diabetic educator that the client needs education.
- C. Assume the client knows what the insulin is for and why it is to be given.
- D. Have another nurse check the amount and type of insulin drawn up against the order.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Having another nurse check the amount and type of insulin helps prevent medication errors and ensures the correct medication is given.
A client is scheduled to have a glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) drawn and asks the nurse why she has to have it. How would the nurse respond?
- A. It measures your average blood glucose level for the past 3 months.
- B. It determines what type of anemia you may have.
- C. It measures the amount of liver glycogen you have.
- D. It determines you have some type of leukemia or other blood cancer.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. A glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months.
2. It is important for monitoring and managing diabetes.
3. The test reflects long-term blood sugar control, providing valuable information about diabetes management.
4. The nurse should explain this to the client to emphasize the significance of the test in managing their health.
Summary:
B: Incorrect. A1C does not determine anemia type.
C: Incorrect. A1C does not measure liver glycogen.
D: Incorrect. A1C does not diagnose leukemia or blood cancer.
Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called:
- A. hormonal stimulus
- B. humoral stimulus
- C. neural stimulus
- D. receptor-mediated stimulus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: hormonal stimulus. Endocrine organs are typically activated by other hormones circulating in the bloodstream, triggering a chain reaction of hormonal responses. This is known as hormonal stimulus. Other choices are incorrect because humoral stimulus refers to changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients, neural stimulus involves nerve impulses, and receptor-mediated stimulus is not a recognized term in endocrine physiology.