Nokea
Endocrine glands are different than exocrine glands in that exocrine glands:
- A. release hormones into the blood.
- B. secrete through ducts out onto the skin.
- C. affect many body organs.
- D. include the reproductive organs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts out onto the skin or into body cavities, unlike endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. This distinction is crucial as exocrine glands do not release hormones into the blood (A), do not necessarily affect many body organs (C), and are not limited to the reproductive organs (D). The unique characteristic of exocrine glands secreting through ducts sets them apart from endocrine glands.
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Identify a common function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.Which of the following hormones does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume?
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
- B. aldosterone
- C. oxytocin
- D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) all play a role in regulating blood pressure and volume. ANH promotes sodium and water excretion, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, and ADH controls water reabsorption. On the other hand, oxytocin is a hormone involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not directly related to blood pressure regulation. Therefore, oxytocin is the hormone that does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume.
“Sugar, salt, and sex†is descriptive of
- A. ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone.
- B. cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
- C. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen.
- D. insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone. "Sugar, salt, and sex" refers to hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol regulates sugar metabolism, aldosterone regulates salt balance, and testosterone is involved in sexual characteristics. A: ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone are hormones produced by the pituitary gland. C: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen are not directly related to the terms given. D: Insulin, glucagon, and cortisol are involved in glucose regulation, but do not match the specific terms provided.
Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?
- A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
- B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
- C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
- D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because blood vessels in the gut are primarily innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, not by enteric nerves. Enteric nerves are confined to the gastrointestinal tract itself and are responsible for regulating gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Sympathetic innervation typically causes vasoconstriction, while parasympathetic innervation promotes vasodilation. The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, regulating gut motility. Parasympathetic supply to the gut is mainly through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and sacral nerves (pelvic splanchnic nerves). Sympathetic supply can either be inhibitory or excitatory, but generally, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibers in the gut.
A hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis:
- A. increases the renal excretion of sodium and water.
- B. prevents hyperglycemia.
- C. causes diuresis.
- D. causes hypocalcemia.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis helps to prevent hyperglycemia by inhibiting the production of glucose in the liver. This hormone regulates blood sugar levels by reducing the formation of new glucose molecules.
Choice A is incorrect because increasing renal excretion of sodium and water is related to the regulation of fluid balance, not gluconeogenesis. Choice C is incorrect because causing diuresis involves increasing urine production and is not directly related to suppressing gluconeogenesis. Choice D is incorrect because causing hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in the blood and is not associated with the suppression of gluconeogenesis.
A deficiency of dietary iodine:
- A. lowers plasma calcium levels.
- B. causes low blood volume and shock.
- C. decreases the synthesis of calcitonin.
- D. causes a goiter.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a deficiency of dietary iodine leads to an insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which can result in the enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. This is due to the thyroid gland working harder to try to produce more hormones.
A, B, and C are incorrect because a deficiency of dietary iodine does not directly affect plasma calcium levels, blood volume, or the synthesis of calcitonin. These are functions that are primarily regulated by other hormones and factors in the body, not by iodine deficiency.