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From a medical perspective, ______ hormones can be taken orally because they are water-insoluble lipids and poorly digested.
- A. carbohydrate
- B. peptide
- C. protein
- D. steroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: steroid. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes easily. This property allows them to be taken orally since they are not digested in the stomach and can be absorbed in the intestines. Carbohydrates (A), peptides (B), and proteins (C) are water-soluble and cannot pass through cell membranes easily, making them unsuitable for oral administration.
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Which of the following is true of the hypothalamus?
- A. Secretes releasing hormones into the portal capillaries
- B. Composed of glandular tissue
- C. Called the adenohypophysis
- D. Connected to the neurohypophysis by the portal capillaries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the portal capillaries, which then travel to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion. This is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Choices B and C are incorrect because the hypothalamus is not composed of glandular tissue and it is not called the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the connection between the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis is via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, not through the portal capillaries.
Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion?
- A. gastrin
- B. CCK
- C. GIP
- D. secretin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide). GIP is an incretin hormone released from the small intestine in response to glucose ingestion, stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Gastrin (A), CCK (B), and secretin (D) are gastrointestinal hormones that do not directly influence insulin secretion. GIP plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting insulin release, making it the most important hormone in insulin secretion.
Mr. R, a 52-year-old patient with hyperthyroidism, is experiencing a thyroid storm. Which of the following symptoms would indicate the need for immediate intervention?
- A. Hypothermia
- B. Low blood pressure
- C. Severe tachycardia
- D. Weight gain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Severe tachycardia is a hallmark of thyroid storm and requires immediate intervention to prevent life-threatening complications such as heart failure or stroke.
Adrenaline is NOT given orally because:
- A. It is inactivated in the gut mucosa
- B. Local vasoconstriction inhibits absorption
- C. It is rapidly inactivated in circulation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Adrenaline is not given orally because: A) It is inactivated in the gut mucosa due to enzymatic breakdown, B) Local vasoconstriction inhibits absorption into the bloodstream, and C) It is rapidly inactivated in circulation by enzymes like catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase. Therefore, administering adrenaline orally would result in poor absorption and rapid degradation, making it ineffective.
Target cells respond to hormones because ____________.
- A. they sit next to the cell that makes the hormone
- B. they made the hormone they are responding to
- C. they have receptors for that hormone
- D. all cells in the body respond to all hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because target cells respond to hormones by possessing specific receptors for that hormone. These receptors bind to the hormone, initiating a cellular response. Option A is incorrect as proximity to hormone-producing cells is not the reason for response. Option B is incorrect as target cells do not make the hormones they respond to. Option D is incorrect as not all cells respond to all hormones; only target cells with specific receptors do.