Nokea
Hypothyroidism or an Underactive Thyroid Gland in Children Causes -------------------
- A. Goiter
- B. Acromegaly
- C. Myxedema
- D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cretinism. Hypothyroidism in children can lead to cretinism, a condition characterized by stunted growth, intellectual disability, and other developmental delays. This occurs because thyroid hormones play a crucial role in growth and brain development during childhood. Goiter (A) is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, not a direct consequence of hypothyroidism in children. Acromegaly (B) is caused by excess growth hormone, not by hypothyroidism. Myxedema (C) is a condition seen in adults with untreated hypothyroidism, not specifically in children.
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Alpha methyl dopa can produce:
- A. Inhibition of decarboxylase enzyme
- B. Increases renin
- C. Stimulation of Alpha2 receptor centrally
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication.
Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain.
Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow.
Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure.
Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.
Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called:
- A. hormonal stimulus
- B. humoral stimulus
- C. neural stimulus
- D. receptor-mediated stimulus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: hormonal stimulus. Endocrine organs are typically activated by other hormones circulating in the bloodstream, triggering a chain reaction of hormonal responses. This is known as hormonal stimulus. Other choices are incorrect because humoral stimulus refers to changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients, neural stimulus involves nerve impulses, and receptor-mediated stimulus is not a recognized term in endocrine physiology.
How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?
- A. Hormones travel through the synaptic cleft while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- B. Hormones act on receptors while neurotransmitters do not.
- C. Hormones use speedy electrical impulses, while neurotransmitters take several seconds from the gland to the target tissue.
- D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to target distant tissues, while neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals locally between neurons. Choice A is incorrect as hormones do not travel through the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitters do not travel through the bloodstream. Choice B is incorrect as both hormones and neurotransmitters act on specific receptors. Choice C is incorrect as hormones do not use electrical impulses; instead, they travel through the bloodstream.
An exophthalmic goiter is a symptom of ______.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. Hashimoto's disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland.
2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms.
3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter.
4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter.
5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.
Following the teaching of foot care to a diabetic patient, the nurse determines that additional instruction is needed when the patient makes which statement?
- A. I should wash my feet daily with soap and warm water.
- B. I should always wear shoes to protect my feet from injury.
- C. If my feet are cold, I should wear socks instead of using a heating pad.
- D. I'll know if I have sores or lesions on my feet because they will be painful.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients with diabetes may not feel pain due to neuropathy, so they must regularly inspect their feet for sores or lesions.