Nokea
Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called
- A. receptor cells.
- B. sensor cells.
- C. secretory cells.
- D. target cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: target cells. Target cells are specific cells that have receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to the hormone's signal. These cells are the intended recipients of the hormone's message and carry out the appropriate physiological response. Receptor cells (A) are more general and can refer to any cell with receptors, not necessarily for hormones. Sensor cells (B) detect stimuli but may not necessarily respond to hormones. Secretory cells (C) release hormones rather than respond to them.
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A hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis:
- A. increases the renal excretion of sodium and water.
- B. prevents hyperglycemia.
- C. causes diuresis.
- D. causes hypocalcemia.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis helps to prevent hyperglycemia by inhibiting the production of glucose in the liver. This hormone regulates blood sugar levels by reducing the formation of new glucose molecules.
Choice A is incorrect because increasing renal excretion of sodium and water is related to the regulation of fluid balance, not gluconeogenesis. Choice C is incorrect because causing diuresis involves increasing urine production and is not directly related to suppressing gluconeogenesis. Choice D is incorrect because causing hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in the blood and is not associated with the suppression of gluconeogenesis.
Why is the posterior pituitary gland called the neurohypophysis?
- A. The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.
- B. The neurohypophysis secretes releasing hormones.
- C. The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate adenohypophyseal function.
- D. The posterior pituitary gland secretes releasing hormones.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. This connection between the two structures allows for direct neural control over hormone release.
Option B is incorrect because the neurohypophysis does not secrete releasing hormones; rather, it releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Option C is incorrect because the posterior pituitary gland does not regulate adenohypophyseal function; instead, it stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Option D is incorrect because the posterior pituitary gland does not secrete releasing hormones; it releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
The structure leading to the stomach is called?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Epiglottis
- C. Oesophagus
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oesophagus. The oesophagus is the structure leading to the stomach that carries food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis. The pharynx (A) is the throat cavity, the epiglottis (B) is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, and the larynx (D) is the voice box. Therefore, the oesophagus is the correct answer as it specifically functions to transport food to the stomach.
If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be
- A. increased secretion of oxytocin
- B. decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- C. decreased secretion of oxytocin
- D. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. When you drink a liter of water quickly, it leads to a sudden increase in blood volume and a decrease in blood osmolality. This triggers the body to reduce the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent excessive water retention and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH helps in water reabsorption in the kidneys, so decreased secretion allows for more water to be excreted through urine. The other choices are incorrect because drinking water rapidly would not directly affect oxytocin secretion.
An exophthalmic goiter is a symptom of ______.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. Hashimoto's disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland.
2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms.
3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter.
4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter.
5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.