Nokea
Which class of oral glucose-lowering agents is most commonly used for people with type 2 diabetes because it reduces hepatic glucose production and enhances tissue uptake of glucose?
- A. Insulin
- B. Meglitinide
- C. Biguanide
- D. Sulfonylurea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Biguanides, like metformin, are commonly used because they reduce glucose production in the liver and enhance tissue glucose uptake.
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Mrs. Jones, a 46-year-old diabetic, is 5'2\ and weighs 200 lb. Which area of health-care teaching should assume greatest priority for this patient?"
- A. Exercise
- B. Foot care
- C. Diet
- D. Eye care
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diet is the priority for a patient with diabetes, especially one with a high body mass index (BMI), to help with blood sugar control and prevent complications.
Which of the following is most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin?
- A. Hypocalcemia
- B. Hyperglycemia
- C. Dehydration
- D. Elevated plasma calcium level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Elevated plasma calcium level. Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to high levels of calcium in the blood. When plasma calcium levels are elevated, calcitonin is secreted to help regulate calcium homeostasis by promoting calcium deposition in bones. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hypocalcemia (low calcium levels), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), and dehydration do not directly stimulate the secretion of calcitonin.
Alpha methyl dopa can produce:
- A. Inhibition of decarboxylase enzyme
- B. Increases renin
- C. Stimulation of Alpha2 receptor centrally
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication.
Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain.
Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow.
Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure.
Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.
Iodine-containing hormones:
- A. include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- B. are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones.
- C. are steroids.
- D. regulate the metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because iodine-containing hormones, such as thyroid hormones, regulate the metabolic rate by influencing the body's energy production and utilization. TSH (choice A) is not an iodine-containing hormone but a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Hypothalamus releasing hormones (choice B) are not iodine-containing hormones. Steroids (choice C) are a different class of hormones that do not contain iodine. In summary, choice D is correct as iodine-containing hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolic rate, while the other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe this function.
Which of the following is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism?
- A. Graves' disease
- B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- C. Toxic multinodular goiter
- D. TSH secreting pituitary adenoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This autoimmune condition is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism as it leads to inflammation and destruction of the thyroid gland, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones. Graves' disease (A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Toxic multinodular goiter (C) is also associated with hyperthyroidism. TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (D) causes secondary, not primary, hypothyroidism.