Endocrine System Questions

Endocrine System Questions Related

Review Endocrine System Questions related questions and content

Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?

  • A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
  • B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
  • C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
  • D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because blood vessels in the gut are primarily innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, not by enteric nerves. Enteric nerves are confined to the gastrointestinal tract itself and are responsible for regulating gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Sympathetic innervation typically causes vasoconstriction, while parasympathetic innervation promotes vasodilation. The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, regulating gut motility. Parasympathetic supply to the gut is mainly through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and sacral nerves (pelvic splanchnic nerves). Sympathetic supply can either be inhibitory or excitatory, but generally, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibers in the gut.

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Identify a common function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.Which of the following hormones does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume?

  • A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
  • B. aldosterone
  • C. oxytocin
  • D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) all play a role in regulating blood pressure and volume. ANH promotes sodium and water excretion, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, and ADH controls water reabsorption. On the other hand, oxytocin is a hormone involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not directly related to blood pressure regulation. Therefore, oxytocin is the hormone that does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume.

Leptin is secreted by ________.

  • A. lymphocytes
  • B. adipocytes
  • C. goblet cells
  • D. fibroblasts
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Leptin is primarily secreted by adipocytes, which are fat cells. Adipocytes play a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite through leptin secretion. Lymphocytes are immune cells, goblet cells secrete mucus, and fibroblasts are connective tissue cells, none of which are involved in leptin secretion.

In the pancreas, which are the cells that secrete insulin, decrease the blood levels of glucose.

  • A. delta.
  • B. alpha.
  • C. beta.
  • D. beta.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: beta cells. Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin, which helps decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. Delta cells (choice A) secrete somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Alpha cells (choice B) secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels. Choice D is a duplicate of choice C. Therefore, the correct answer is C as beta cells play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels through insulin secretion.

An exophthalmic goiter is a symptom of ______.

  • A. Graves disease.
  • B. Hashimoto's disease.
  • C. myxedema.
  • D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland.
2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms.
3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter.
4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter.
5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.

Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion?

  • A. gastrin
  • B. CCK
  • C. GIP
  • D. secretin
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide). GIP is an incretin hormone released from the small intestine in response to glucose ingestion, stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Gastrin (A), CCK (B), and secretin (D) are gastrointestinal hormones that do not directly influence insulin secretion. GIP plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting insulin release, making it the most important hormone in insulin secretion.

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