Endocrine System Questions

Endocrine System Questions Related

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A 78-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease experiences worsening of his symptoms. He is already taking levodopa. Since the disease is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the lack of inhibition of cholinergic neurons, the addition of which medication is likely to help alleviate the patient’s symptoms?

  • A. Benztropine
  • B. Reserpine
  • C. Doxazosin
  • D. Timolol
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Benztropine. Benztropine is an anticholinergic medication that helps alleviate Parkinson's disease symptoms by blocking the excess activity of acetylcholine, which is increased due to the lack of dopaminergic inhibition. This leads to a rebalancing of neurotransmitters in the brain, improving motor symptoms.
Choice B: Reserpine depletes neurotransmitters including dopamine, worsening Parkinson's symptoms.
Choice C: Doxazosin is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not Parkinson's disease.
Choice D: Timolol is a beta-blocker used for glaucoma, not Parkinson's disease.

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Hypothyroidism or an Underactive Thyroid Gland in Children Causes -------------------

  • A. Goiter
  • B. Acromegaly
  • C. Myxedema
  • D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cretinism. Hypothyroidism in children can lead to cretinism, a condition characterized by stunted growth, intellectual disability, and other developmental delays. This occurs because thyroid hormones play a crucial role in growth and brain development during childhood. Goiter (A) is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, not a direct consequence of hypothyroidism in children. Acromegaly (B) is caused by excess growth hormone, not by hypothyroidism. Myxedema (C) is a condition seen in adults with untreated hypothyroidism, not specifically in children.

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

  • A. hepatic portal system
  • B. general circulatory system
  • C. hypophyseal portal system
  • D. feedback loop
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: hypophyseal portal system. This system involves a direct blood vessel connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland, allowing hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be rapidly transported to the anterior pituitary without being diluted in the general circulation. The hepatic portal system (A) involves blood flow from the digestive system to the liver. The general circulatory system (B) would dilute the hormones before reaching the anterior pituitary. A feedback loop (D) is a mechanism that regulates hormone levels but is not the primary mode of transportation between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

An exophthalmic goiter is a symptom of ______.

  • A. Graves disease.
  • B. Hashimoto's disease.
  • C. myxedema.
  • D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland.
2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms.
3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter.
4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter.
5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.

Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called

  • A. receptor cells.
  • B. sensor cells.
  • C. secretory cells.
  • D. target cells.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: target cells. Target cells are specific cells that have receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to the hormone's signal. These cells are the intended recipients of the hormone's message and carry out the appropriate physiological response. Receptor cells (A) are more general and can refer to any cell with receptors, not necessarily for hormones. Sensor cells (B) detect stimuli but may not necessarily respond to hormones. Secretory cells (C) release hormones rather than respond to them.

The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is:

  • A. Liver & adipose tissue
  • B. Gonads
  • C. Anterior pituitary
  • D. Bone marrow
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Anterior pituitary. Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus act on the anterior pituitary to regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. This interaction is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hormones released by the hypothalamus travel through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate or inhibit the release of specific pituitary hormones. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the primary target of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones is the anterior pituitary, not the liver & adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow.

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