Nokea
The patient with adrenal insufficiency is to be discharged taking prednisone 10 mg orally each day. What will you be sure to teach the patient?
- A. Report excessive weight gain or swelling to the physician.
- B. Rapid changes of position may cause hypotension.
- C. A diet with foods high in potassium may be beneficial.
- D. Signs of hypoglycemia may occur while taking this drug.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patients taking prednisone for adrenal insufficiency should be advised that rapid changes of position can lead to hypotension due to the body's decreased ability to regulate blood pressure.
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Which of the following is the most common adverse reaction during initial therapy with a thyroid replacement?
- A. Allergy
- B. Signs of hyperthyroidism
- C. Weight loss
- D. Bones become demineralized
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Signs of hyperthyroidism are a common adverse reaction during initial therapy with thyroid replacement due to the body adjusting to the increased thyroid hormone levels.
A deficiency of dietary iodine:
- A. lowers plasma calcium levels.
- B. causes low blood volume and shock.
- C. decreases the synthesis of calcitonin.
- D. causes a goiter.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a deficiency of dietary iodine leads to an insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which can result in the enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. This is due to the thyroid gland working harder to try to produce more hormones.
A, B, and C are incorrect because a deficiency of dietary iodine does not directly affect plasma calcium levels, blood volume, or the synthesis of calcitonin. These are functions that are primarily regulated by other hormones and factors in the body, not by iodine deficiency.
Which gland produces cortisol?
- A. the testes
- B. the ovaries
- C. the adrenal glands
- D. the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing cortisol, a hormone that helps regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. The testes (A) produce testosterone, the ovaries (B) produce estrogen and progesterone, and the hypothalamus (D) regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland but does not produce cortisol directly. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in this context.
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
- A. adrenal medulla
- B. pancreas
- C. thyroid gland
- D. thymus gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thymus gland. The thymus gland is crucial for the development and maturation of T cells, a type of immune cell. The hormones produced by the thymus gland, such as thymosin, play a key role in the proper functioning of the immune system. Without a functional thymus gland, the immune response would be compromised.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Adrenal medulla does not play a direct role in immune response development.
B: Pancreas primarily produces hormones related to blood sugar regulation, not immune response.
C: Thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly related to immune response development.
Endocrine glands are different than exocrine glands in that exocrine glands:
- A. release hormones into the blood.
- B. secrete through ducts out onto the skin.
- C. affect many body organs.
- D. include the reproductive organs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts out onto the skin or into body cavities, unlike endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. This distinction is crucial as exocrine glands do not release hormones into the blood (A), do not necessarily affect many body organs (C), and are not limited to the reproductive organs (D). The unique characteristic of exocrine glands secreting through ducts sets them apart from endocrine glands.