Endocrine System Questions

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Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

  • A. hepatic portal system
  • B. general circulatory system
  • C. hypophyseal portal system
  • D. feedback loop
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: hypophyseal portal system. This system involves a direct blood vessel connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland, allowing hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be rapidly transported to the anterior pituitary without being diluted in the general circulation. The hepatic portal system (A) involves blood flow from the digestive system to the liver. The general circulatory system (B) would dilute the hormones before reaching the anterior pituitary. A feedback loop (D) is a mechanism that regulates hormone levels but is not the primary mode of transportation between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

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A hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis:

  • A. increases the renal excretion of sodium and water.
  • B. prevents hyperglycemia.
  • C. causes diuresis.
  • D. causes hypocalcemia.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis helps to prevent hyperglycemia by inhibiting the production of glucose in the liver. This hormone regulates blood sugar levels by reducing the formation of new glucose molecules.
Choice A is incorrect because increasing renal excretion of sodium and water is related to the regulation of fluid balance, not gluconeogenesis. Choice C is incorrect because causing diuresis involves increasing urine production and is not directly related to suppressing gluconeogenesis. Choice D is incorrect because causing hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in the blood and is not associated with the suppression of gluconeogenesis.

Donepezil is a reversible anti-cholinesterase used in the treatment of:

  • A. Glaucoma
  • B. Bradycardia
  • C. Urine retention
  • D. Alzheimer disease
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Donepezil is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because it is a reversible anti-cholinesterase that helps improve cognitive function by increasing levels of acetylcholine in the brain. This neurotransmitter is important for memory and learning, which are affected in Alzheimer's disease.

Choice A (Glaucoma) is incorrect because Donepezil does not treat this condition. Choice B (Bradycardia) is incorrect because Donepezil does not affect heart rate. Choice C (Urine retention) is incorrect because Donepezil does not have any impact on urinary function.

In summary, the correct answer is D (Alzheimer's disease) because Donepezil's mechanism of action aligns with the cognitive deficits seen in this condition, while the other choices are not related to the drug's pharmacological effects.

Which factor stimulates insulin secretion?

  • A. thiazide diuretics
  • B. phenytoin
  • C. theophylline
  • D. β blockers
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: theophylline. Theophylline stimulates insulin secretion by increasing cAMP levels in pancreatic beta cells, leading to enhanced insulin release. Thiazide diuretics (A) can actually reduce insulin secretion. Phenytoin (B) and beta blockers (D) are known to inhibit insulin secretion. Therefore, theophylline is the only choice that directly stimulates insulin secretion.

A nurse draws up 10 units of regular-acting insulin to give to a client who has been diabetic for 10 years. What does the nurse do prior to giving the insulin to the client to prevent a medication error?

  • A. Check the client's last glucose level drawn and inform the physician of the result.
  • B. Inform the diabetic educator that the client needs education.
  • C. Assume the client knows what the insulin is for and why it is to be given.
  • D. Have another nurse check the amount and type of insulin drawn up against the order.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Having another nurse check the amount and type of insulin helps prevent medication errors and ensures the correct medication is given.

Leptin is secreted by ________.

  • A. lymphocytes
  • B. adipocytes
  • C. goblet cells
  • D. fibroblasts
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Leptin is primarily secreted by adipocytes, which are fat cells. Adipocytes play a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite through leptin secretion. Lymphocytes are immune cells, goblet cells secrete mucus, and fibroblasts are connective tissue cells, none of which are involved in leptin secretion.

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