Nokea
A patient with renal failure and high magnesium level would later have ________ and
- A. Cardiac Arrest
- B. Respiratory Paralysis
- C. Liver Encephalopathy
- D. Death From Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac Arrest. High magnesium levels in renal failure can lead to cardiac arrest due to the inhibitory effect on neuromuscular transmission and cardiac muscle activity. Magnesium impairs calcium entry into cells, affecting muscle contraction, potentially leading to fatal arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Respiratory paralysis (B) is unlikely as magnesium does not directly affect respiratory muscles. Liver encephalopathy (C) is unrelated to high magnesium levels. Death from hemorrhage (D) is not a typical consequence of elevated magnesium levels in renal failure.
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Review of a patient's chart reveals that two years ago she was treated with ritodrine. Which of the following was the most likely condition or reason for which this drug was given?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Depression
- D. Premature labor
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Premature labor. Ritodrine is a tocolytic agent commonly used to inhibit premature labor by relaxing the uterine muscles. It works by decreasing the frequency and intensity of contractions, helping to delay premature delivery. Parkinson's disease (A), bronchial asthma (B), and depression (C) are not conditions typically treated with ritodrine. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder, bronchial asthma is a respiratory condition, and depression is a mental health condition. Therefore, based on the pharmacological action of ritodrine and the context of its usage, the most likely reason for which this drug was given in this case is to manage premature labor.
Alpha methyl dopa can produce:
- A. Inhibition of decarboxylase enzyme
- B. Increases renin
- C. Stimulation of Alpha2 receptor centrally
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication.
Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain.
Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow.
Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure.
Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.
Iodine-containing hormones:
- A. include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- B. are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones.
- C. are steroids.
- D. regulate the metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because iodine-containing hormones, such as thyroid hormones, regulate the metabolic rate by influencing the body's energy production and utilization. TSH (choice A) is not an iodine-containing hormone but a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Hypothalamus releasing hormones (choice B) are not iodine-containing hormones. Steroids (choice C) are a different class of hormones that do not contain iodine. In summary, choice D is correct as iodine-containing hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolic rate, while the other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe this function.
Which of the following is true of the hypothalamus?
- A. Secretes releasing hormones into the portal capillaries
- B. Composed of glandular tissue
- C. Called the adenohypophysis
- D. Connected to the neurohypophysis by the portal capillaries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the portal capillaries, which then travel to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion. This is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Choices B and C are incorrect because the hypothalamus is not composed of glandular tissue and it is not called the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the connection between the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis is via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, not through the portal capillaries.
Eicosanoids do not include ________.
- A. paracrines
- B. leukotrienes
- C. hydrocortisones
- D. prostaglandins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hydrocortisones. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from fatty acids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which act as paracrines. Hydrocortisone is a steroid hormone, not an eicosanoid. It functions differently from eicosanoids, which act locally as signaling molecules. Therefore, hydrocortisones do not belong to the eicosanoid category. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because paracrines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are all types of eicosanoids with specific functions in the body.