Nokea
“Sugar, salt, and sex†is descriptive of
- A. ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone.
- B. cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
- C. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen.
- D. insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone. "Sugar, salt, and sex" refers to hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol regulates sugar metabolism, aldosterone regulates salt balance, and testosterone is involved in sexual characteristics. A: ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone are hormones produced by the pituitary gland. C: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen are not directly related to the terms given. D: Insulin, glucagon, and cortisol are involved in glucose regulation, but do not match the specific terms provided.
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Which of the following is not a therapeutic use of adrenaline:
- A. To prolong the action of local anesthetics
- B. To stop epistaxis
- C. To treat hypertension
- D. To treat anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To treat hypertension. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is not typically used to treat hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics (A), stop epistaxis (B), and treat anaphylaxis (D) due to its ability to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate in emergency situations.
Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called
- A. receptor cells.
- B. sensor cells.
- C. secretory cells.
- D. target cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: target cells. Target cells are specific cells that have receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to the hormone's signal. These cells are the intended recipients of the hormone's message and carry out the appropriate physiological response. Receptor cells (A) are more general and can refer to any cell with receptors, not necessarily for hormones. Sensor cells (B) detect stimuli but may not necessarily respond to hormones. Secretory cells (C) release hormones rather than respond to them.
Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called:
- A. hormonal stimulus
- B. humoral stimulus
- C. neural stimulus
- D. receptor-mediated stimulus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: hormonal stimulus. Endocrine organs are typically activated by other hormones circulating in the bloodstream, triggering a chain reaction of hormonal responses. This is known as hormonal stimulus. Other choices are incorrect because humoral stimulus refers to changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients, neural stimulus involves nerve impulses, and receptor-mediated stimulus is not a recognized term in endocrine physiology.
A 78-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease experiences worsening of his symptoms. He is already taking levodopa. Since the disease is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the lack of inhibition of cholinergic neurons, the addition of which medication is likely to help alleviate the patient’s symptoms?
- A. Benztropine
- B. Reserpine
- C. Doxazosin
- D. Timolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Benztropine. Benztropine is an anticholinergic medication that helps alleviate Parkinson's disease symptoms by blocking the excess activity of acetylcholine, which is increased due to the lack of dopaminergic inhibition. This leads to a rebalancing of neurotransmitters in the brain, improving motor symptoms.
Choice B: Reserpine depletes neurotransmitters including dopamine, worsening Parkinson's symptoms.
Choice C: Doxazosin is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not Parkinson's disease.
Choice D: Timolol is a beta-blocker used for glaucoma, not Parkinson's disease.
Which gland produces cortisol?
- A. the testes
- B. the ovaries
- C. the adrenal glands
- D. the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing cortisol, a hormone that helps regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. The testes (A) produce testosterone, the ovaries (B) produce estrogen and progesterone, and the hypothalamus (D) regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland but does not produce cortisol directly. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in this context.