Nokea
What is meant by antibiotic resistance?
- A. No bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic.
- B. Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics.
- C. No viruses will be killed by any antibiotic.
- D. Only some viruses will be killed by some antibiotics.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to survive and grow despite the presence of an antibiotic. This occurs when bacteria evolve and develop mechanisms to defend against antibiotics. It is not accurate to say that no bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic (choice A) as some bacteria may still be susceptible to certain antibiotics. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so choice C and D are incorrect. In summary, antibiotic resistance specifically pertains to bacteria developing the ability to survive some antibiotics, making choice B the correct answer.
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Regarding carbohydrate metabolism:
- A. glucokinase is increased in starvation
- B. the breakdown of glycogen is called glycolysis
- C. the direct oxidative pathway involves the breakdown of glucose through triose
- D. the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D - The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible because it is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This step is a key regulatory point in carbohydrate metabolism as it commits pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle for further energy production. Reversing this step would disrupt the normal flow of metabolic pathways.
Summary of other choices:
A: Glucokinase is not increased in starvation; it regulates glucose uptake in the liver.
B: The breakdown of glycogen is called glycogenolysis, not glycolysis which is the breakdown of glucose.
C: The direct oxidative pathway involves the breakdown of glucose through glycolysis, not triose.
Target cells respond to hormones because ____________.
- A. they sit next to the cell that makes the hormone
- B. they made the hormone they are responding to
- C. they have receptors for that hormone
- D. all cells in the body respond to all hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because target cells respond to hormones by possessing specific receptors for that hormone. These receptors bind to the hormone, initiating a cellular response. Option A is incorrect as proximity to hormone-producing cells is not the reason for response. Option B is incorrect as target cells do not make the hormones they respond to. Option D is incorrect as not all cells respond to all hormones; only target cells with specific receptors do.
Mr. R, a 52-year-old patient with hyperthyroidism, is experiencing a thyroid storm. Which of the following symptoms would indicate the need for immediate intervention?
- A. Hypothermia
- B. Low blood pressure
- C. Severe tachycardia
- D. Weight gain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Severe tachycardia is a hallmark of thyroid storm and requires immediate intervention to prevent life-threatening complications such as heart failure or stroke.
Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?
- A. autocrine
- B. paracrine
- C. endocrine
- D. neural
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: paracrine. Paracrine signaling involves the release of signaling molecules into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby target cells. This type of signaling is localized and affects cells within close proximity. Autocrine signaling (A) involves cells releasing signals that act on themselves, endocrine signaling (C) involves signaling molecules being released into the bloodstream to affect distant target cells, and neural signaling (D) involves the transmission of signals through neurons. In this case, paracrine signaling specifically targets local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid, making it the correct choice.
From a medical perspective, ______ hormones can be taken orally because they are water-insoluble lipids and poorly digested.
- A. carbohydrate
- B. peptide
- C. protein
- D. steroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: steroid. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes easily. This property allows them to be taken orally since they are not digested in the stomach and can be absorbed in the intestines. Carbohydrates (A), peptides (B), and proteins (C) are water-soluble and cannot pass through cell membranes easily, making them unsuitable for oral administration.