Nokea
Which of the following is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism?
- A. Graves' disease
- B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- C. Toxic multinodular goiter
- D. TSH secreting pituitary adenoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This autoimmune condition is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism as it leads to inflammation and destruction of the thyroid gland, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones. Graves' disease (A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Toxic multinodular goiter (C) is also associated with hyperthyroidism. TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (D) causes secondary, not primary, hypothyroidism.
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Which row shows the type of reaction that occurs and the colour of the mixture at the end of the reaction?
- A. neutralisation, orange
- B. neutralisation, yellow
- C. redox, orange
- D. redox, yellow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: neutralisation, yellow. In a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, the acidic and basic properties neutralize each other, resulting in a salt and water. The indicator phenolphthalein is commonly used in acid-base titrations, turning pink in basic solutions and colorless in acidic solutions. When the reaction is complete and the solution is neutral (pH 7), phenolphthalein appears yellow. Therefore, the color of the mixture at the end of a neutralization reaction is yellow. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because neutralization reactions typically result in a yellow color, not orange, and redox reactions do not involve the same color changes as neutralization reactions.
Which of the following can be performed to determine a client's general status and rule out disorders?
- A. A complete blood count
- B. A complete blood count and chemistry profile
- C. Chemistry profile
- D. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A complete blood count (CBC) and a chemistry profile provide a comprehensive overview of a client's general health status and help in ruling out various disorders.
Which connective tissue layer surrounds the biceps femoris muscle belly, separating it from the rest of the body?
- A. Epimysium
- B. Perimysium
- C. Endomysium
- D. Blood
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epimysium. Epimysium is the dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle belly, providing structural support and protection. It separates the biceps femoris muscle from surrounding tissues. Perimysium (B) surrounds bundles of muscle fibers within the muscle belly, while endomysium (C) surrounds individual muscle fibers. Blood (D) is not a connective tissue layer but a fluid tissue responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products. Therefore, the epimysium is the correct choice as it specifically surrounds the biceps femoris muscle belly.
What is meant by antibiotic resistance?
- A. No bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic.
- B. Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics.
- C. No viruses will be killed by any antibiotic.
- D. Only some viruses will be killed by some antibiotics.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to survive and grow despite the presence of an antibiotic. This occurs when bacteria evolve and develop mechanisms to defend against antibiotics. It is not accurate to say that no bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic (choice A) as some bacteria may still be susceptible to certain antibiotics. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so choice C and D are incorrect. In summary, antibiotic resistance specifically pertains to bacteria developing the ability to survive some antibiotics, making choice B the correct answer.
Which of the following is not a therapeutic use of adrenaline:
- A. To prolong the action of local anesthetics
- B. To stop epistaxis
- C. To treat hypertension
- D. To treat anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To treat hypertension. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is not typically used to treat hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics (A), stop epistaxis (B), and treat anaphylaxis (D) due to its ability to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate in emergency situations.