Nokea
Identify a common function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.Which of the following hormones does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume?
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
- B. aldosterone
- C. oxytocin
- D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) all play a role in regulating blood pressure and volume. ANH promotes sodium and water excretion, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, and ADH controls water reabsorption. On the other hand, oxytocin is a hormone involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not directly related to blood pressure regulation. Therefore, oxytocin is the hormone that does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume.
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Eicosanoids do not include ________.
- A. paracrines
- B. leukotrienes
- C. hydrocortisones
- D. prostaglandins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hydrocortisones. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from fatty acids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which act as paracrines. Hydrocortisone is a steroid hormone, not an eicosanoid. It functions differently from eicosanoids, which act locally as signaling molecules. Therefore, hydrocortisones do not belong to the eicosanoid category. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because paracrines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are all types of eicosanoids with specific functions in the body.
Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence ('Adam's apple').
- A. Pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Thyroid
- D. Pineal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence. It is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and growth. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain and controls other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus (B) is also in the brain and regulates hormone production. The pineal gland (D) is located in the brain and produces melatonin. Thyroid is correct due to its anatomical location and function in hormone regulation.
An exophthalmic goiter is a symptom of ______.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. Hashimoto's disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland.
2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms.
3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter.
4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter.
5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.
A 78-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease experiences worsening of his symptoms. He is already taking levodopa. Since the disease is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the lack of inhibition of cholinergic neurons, the addition of which medication is likely to help alleviate the patient’s symptoms?
- A. Benztropine
- B. Reserpine
- C. Doxazosin
- D. Timolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Benztropine. Benztropine is an anticholinergic medication that helps alleviate Parkinson's disease symptoms by blocking the excess activity of acetylcholine, which is increased due to the lack of dopaminergic inhibition. This leads to a rebalancing of neurotransmitters in the brain, improving motor symptoms.
Choice B: Reserpine depletes neurotransmitters including dopamine, worsening Parkinson's symptoms.
Choice C: Doxazosin is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not Parkinson's disease.
Choice D: Timolol is a beta-blocker used for glaucoma, not Parkinson's disease.
Which connective tissue layer surrounds the biceps femoris muscle belly, separating it from the rest of the body?
- A. Epimysium
- B. Perimysium
- C. Endomysium
- D. Blood
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epimysium. Epimysium is the dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle belly, providing structural support and protection. It separates the biceps femoris muscle from surrounding tissues. Perimysium (B) surrounds bundles of muscle fibers within the muscle belly, while endomysium (C) surrounds individual muscle fibers. Blood (D) is not a connective tissue layer but a fluid tissue responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products. Therefore, the epimysium is the correct choice as it specifically surrounds the biceps femoris muscle belly.