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Which statement accurately describes Graves' disease?
- A. Exophthalmos occurs in Graves' disease.
- B. It is an uncommon form of hyperthyroidism.
- C. Manifestations of hyperthyroidism occur from tissue desensitization to the sympathetic nervous system.
- D. Diagnostic testing in the patient with Graves' disease will reveal an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) is a common feature of Graves' disease due to the effects of excess thyroid hormones.
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Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to ___.
- A. Addison disease.
- B. diabetes mellitus.
- C. Cushing syndrome.
- D. cretinism.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Addison disease. Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to Addison disease, characterized by fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin discoloration. This is because insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex can disrupt the body's stress response and electrolyte balance.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Diabetes mellitus is primarily related to insulin regulation issues, not adrenal cortex hormones.
C: Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion, not hyposecretion, of adrenal cortex hormones.
D: Cretinism is associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, not adrenal cortex hormone deficiency.
Each of the following types of receptors is correctly matched with the response resulting from its stimulation EXCEPT:
- A. Muscarinic receptors - decreased heart rate
- B. Nicotinic receptors - decreased gastric acid secretion
- C. Alpha adrenergic receptors - increased blood pressure
- D. Beta adrenergic receptors - bronchodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nicotinic receptors are not associated with decreased gastric acid secretion, but rather with muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. A: Muscarinic receptors stimulation leads to decreased heart rate via parasympathetic activation. C: Activation of alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. D: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation and increased heart rate. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not match the typical response of nicotinic receptors.
A client is scheduled to have a glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) drawn and asks the nurse why she has to have it. How would the nurse respond?
- A. It measures your average blood glucose level for the past 3 months.
- B. It determines what type of anemia you may have.
- C. It measures the amount of liver glycogen you have.
- D. It determines you have some type of leukemia or other blood cancer.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. A glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months.
2. It is important for monitoring and managing diabetes.
3. The test reflects long-term blood sugar control, providing valuable information about diabetes management.
4. The nurse should explain this to the client to emphasize the significance of the test in managing their health.
Summary:
B: Incorrect. A1C does not determine anemia type.
C: Incorrect. A1C does not measure liver glycogen.
D: Incorrect. A1C does not diagnose leukemia or blood cancer.
Which of the following can be performed to determine a client's general status and rule out disorders?
- A. A complete blood count
- B. A complete blood count and chemistry profile
- C. Chemistry profile
- D. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A complete blood count (CBC) and a chemistry profile provide a comprehensive overview of a client's general health status and help in ruling out various disorders.
Target cells respond to hormones because ____________.
- A. they sit next to the cell that makes the hormone
- B. they made the hormone they are responding to
- C. they have receptors for that hormone
- D. all cells in the body respond to all hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because target cells respond to hormones by possessing specific receptors for that hormone. These receptors bind to the hormone, initiating a cellular response. Option A is incorrect as proximity to hormone-producing cells is not the reason for response. Option B is incorrect as target cells do not make the hormones they respond to. Option D is incorrect as not all cells respond to all hormones; only target cells with specific receptors do.