Nokea
Leptin is secreted by ________.
- A. lymphocytes
- B. adipocytes
- C. goblet cells
- D. fibroblasts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leptin is primarily secreted by adipocytes, which are fat cells. Adipocytes play a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite through leptin secretion. Lymphocytes are immune cells, goblet cells secrete mucus, and fibroblasts are connective tissue cells, none of which are involved in leptin secretion.
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Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called:
- A. hormonal stimulus
- B. humoral stimulus
- C. neural stimulus
- D. receptor-mediated stimulus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: hormonal stimulus. Endocrine organs are typically activated by other hormones circulating in the bloodstream, triggering a chain reaction of hormonal responses. This is known as hormonal stimulus. Other choices are incorrect because humoral stimulus refers to changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients, neural stimulus involves nerve impulses, and receptor-mediated stimulus is not a recognized term in endocrine physiology.
Selective β2 agonists produce all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Stimulate β2 > β1
- B. Bronchodilation
- C. Decrease of blood pressure
- D. Stimulate uterine contraction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Stimulate uterine contraction. Selective β2 agonists primarily target β2 receptors in the lungs, leading to bronchodilation. They have minimal effect on β1 receptors, thus do not significantly impact heart rate or blood pressure. However, β2 receptors in the uterus can cause uterine relaxation, not contraction. Therefore, selective β2 agonists do not stimulate uterine contractions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they align with the typical effects of selective β2 agonists.
Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called
- A. receptor cells.
- B. sensor cells.
- C. secretory cells.
- D. target cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: target cells. Target cells are specific cells that have receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to the hormone's signal. These cells are the intended recipients of the hormone's message and carry out the appropriate physiological response. Receptor cells (A) are more general and can refer to any cell with receptors, not necessarily for hormones. Sensor cells (B) detect stimuli but may not necessarily respond to hormones. Secretory cells (C) release hormones rather than respond to them.
What accurately demonstrates that hormones of one gland influence the function of hormones of another gland?
- A. Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon.
- B. Increased cortisol levels stimulate the secretion of insulin.
- C. Increased testosterone levels inhibit the release of estrogen.
- D. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels inhibit the secretion of aldosterone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon, demonstrating the interaction between these hormones in maintaining glucose balance.
The structure leading to the stomach is called?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Epiglottis
- C. Oesophagus
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oesophagus. The oesophagus is the structure leading to the stomach that carries food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis. The pharynx (A) is the throat cavity, the epiglottis (B) is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, and the larynx (D) is the voice box. Therefore, the oesophagus is the correct answer as it specifically functions to transport food to the stomach.