Nokea
Which of the following is most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin?
- A. Hypocalcemia
- B. Hyperglycemia
- C. Dehydration
- D. Elevated plasma calcium level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Elevated plasma calcium level. Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to high levels of calcium in the blood. When plasma calcium levels are elevated, calcitonin is secreted to help regulate calcium homeostasis by promoting calcium deposition in bones. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hypocalcemia (low calcium levels), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), and dehydration do not directly stimulate the secretion of calcitonin.
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A nurse draws up 10 units of regular-acting insulin to give to a client who has been diabetic for 10 years. What does the nurse do prior to giving the insulin to the client to prevent a medication error?
- A. Check the client's last glucose level drawn and inform the physician of the result.
- B. Inform the diabetic educator that the client needs education.
- C. Assume the client knows what the insulin is for and why it is to be given.
- D. Have another nurse check the amount and type of insulin drawn up against the order.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Having another nurse check the amount and type of insulin helps prevent medication errors and ensures the correct medication is given.
Endocrine glands are different than exocrine glands in that exocrine glands:
- A. release hormones into the blood.
- B. secrete through ducts out onto the skin.
- C. affect many body organs.
- D. include the reproductive organs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts out onto the skin or into body cavities, unlike endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. This distinction is crucial as exocrine glands do not release hormones into the blood (A), do not necessarily affect many body organs (C), and are not limited to the reproductive organs (D). The unique characteristic of exocrine glands secreting through ducts sets them apart from endocrine glands.
Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
- A. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
- B. human growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
- C. prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. glucocorticoids and androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The posterior pituitary stores and releases these hormones, which are produced in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection, while antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because human growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, and glucocorticoids and androgens are produced by the adrenal glands, respectively.
An exophthalmic goiter is a symptom of ______.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. Hashimoto's disease.
- C. myxedema.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland.
2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms.
3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter.
4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter.
5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.
Which of the following is the most common adverse reaction during initial therapy with a thyroid replacement?
- A. Allergy
- B. Signs of hyperthyroidism
- C. Weight loss
- D. Bones become demineralized
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Signs of hyperthyroidism are a common adverse reaction during initial therapy with thyroid replacement due to the body adjusting to the increased thyroid hormone levels.