Nokea
Which of the following is the most common adverse reaction during initial therapy with a thyroid replacement?
- A. Allergy
- B. Signs of hyperthyroidism
- C. Weight loss
- D. Bones become demineralized
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Signs of hyperthyroidism are a common adverse reaction during initial therapy with thyroid replacement due to the body adjusting to the increased thyroid hormone levels.
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The structure leading to the stomach is called?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Epiglottis
- C. Oesophagus
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oesophagus. The oesophagus is the structure leading to the stomach that carries food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis. The pharynx (A) is the throat cavity, the epiglottis (B) is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, and the larynx (D) is the voice box. Therefore, the oesophagus is the correct answer as it specifically functions to transport food to the stomach.
From a medical perspective, ______ hormones can be taken orally because they are water-insoluble lipids and poorly digested.
- A. carbohydrate
- B. peptide
- C. protein
- D. steroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: steroid. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes easily. This property allows them to be taken orally since they are not digested in the stomach and can be absorbed in the intestines. Carbohydrates (A), peptides (B), and proteins (C) are water-soluble and cannot pass through cell membranes easily, making them unsuitable for oral administration.
Which connective tissue layer surrounds the biceps femoris muscle belly, separating it from the rest of the body?
- A. Epimysium
- B. Perimysium
- C. Endomysium
- D. Blood
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epimysium. Epimysium is the dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire muscle belly, providing structural support and protection. It separates the biceps femoris muscle from surrounding tissues. Perimysium (B) surrounds bundles of muscle fibers within the muscle belly, while endomysium (C) surrounds individual muscle fibers. Blood (D) is not a connective tissue layer but a fluid tissue responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products. Therefore, the epimysium is the correct choice as it specifically surrounds the biceps femoris muscle belly.
Adrenaline is NOT given orally because:
- A. It is inactivated in the gut mucosa
- B. Local vasoconstriction inhibits absorption
- C. It is rapidly inactivated in circulation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Adrenaline is not given orally because: A) It is inactivated in the gut mucosa due to enzymatic breakdown, B) Local vasoconstriction inhibits absorption into the bloodstream, and C) It is rapidly inactivated in circulation by enzymes like catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase. Therefore, administering adrenaline orally would result in poor absorption and rapid degradation, making it ineffective.
A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by __________.
- A. insulin deficiency
- B. deficiency of thymosin
- C. deficiency of thyroxin
- D. excess of synthetic growth hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: The congenital condition described points towards a disorder affecting growth and development.
Step 2: The symptoms of mental retardation, short body size, and thick neck suggest hypothyroidism.
Step 3: Thyroxin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism and growth.
Step 4: A deficiency of thyroxin in congenital hypothyroidism leads to the described symptoms.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is C: deficiency of thyroxin.
Summary:
A: Insulin deficiency does not match the symptoms described.
B: Thymosin deficiency is not related to growth and mental retardation.
D: Excess of synthetic growth hormone would not cause mental retardation and thick neck.