Nokea
Which gland produces cortisol?
- A. the testes
- B. the ovaries
- C. the adrenal glands
- D. the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing cortisol, a hormone that helps regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. The testes (A) produce testosterone, the ovaries (B) produce estrogen and progesterone, and the hypothalamus (D) regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland but does not produce cortisol directly. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in this context.
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Iodine-containing hormones:
- A. include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- B. are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones.
- C. are steroids.
- D. regulate the metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because iodine-containing hormones, such as thyroid hormones, regulate the metabolic rate by influencing the body's energy production and utilization. TSH (choice A) is not an iodine-containing hormone but a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Hypothalamus releasing hormones (choice B) are not iodine-containing hormones. Steroids (choice C) are a different class of hormones that do not contain iodine. In summary, choice D is correct as iodine-containing hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolic rate, while the other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe this function.
Identify the hormone that stimulates uterine contraction and the release of milk during nursing.
- A. ADH.
- B. glucagon
- C. oxytocin
- D. prolactin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor and delivery.
2. Oxytocin also triggers the release of milk during nursing by causing contraction of the cells around the milk-filled alveoli.
3. ADH (A) regulates water balance, glucagon (B) regulates blood sugar levels, and prolactin (D) stimulates milk production but not milk release.
Summary: Oxytocin is the correct answer because it specifically stimulates uterine contractions and milk release during nursing, while the other choices are not directly related to these functions.
Alpha methyl dopa can produce:
- A. Inhibition of decarboxylase enzyme
- B. Increases renin
- C. Stimulation of Alpha2 receptor centrally
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication.
Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain.
Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow.
Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure.
Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.
Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called
- A. receptor cells.
- B. sensor cells.
- C. secretory cells.
- D. target cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: target cells. Target cells are specific cells that have receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to the hormone's signal. These cells are the intended recipients of the hormone's message and carry out the appropriate physiological response. Receptor cells (A) are more general and can refer to any cell with receptors, not necessarily for hormones. Sensor cells (B) detect stimuli but may not necessarily respond to hormones. Secretory cells (C) release hormones rather than respond to them.
Which factor stimulates insulin secretion?
- A. thiazide diuretics
- B. phenytoin
- C. theophylline
- D. β blockers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: theophylline. Theophylline stimulates insulin secretion by increasing cAMP levels in pancreatic beta cells, leading to enhanced insulin release. Thiazide diuretics (A) can actually reduce insulin secretion. Phenytoin (B) and beta blockers (D) are known to inhibit insulin secretion. Therefore, theophylline is the only choice that directly stimulates insulin secretion.