Nokea
Propantheline can be used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease because it decreases gastric acid secretion. What prototype drug is most like propantheline?
- A. Atropine
- B. Neostigmine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Phentolamine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Atropine is the correct answer as it is an anticholinergic agent like propantheline, both inhibiting acetylcholine activity. This action reduces gastric acid secretion, aiding in peptic ulcer treatment. Neostigmine (B) increases acetylcholine activity, opposite to propantheline's effect. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker, not directly affecting gastric acid secretion. Phentolamine (D) is an alpha-blocker, also not related to reducing gastric acid secretion.
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Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
- A. hepatic portal system
- B. general circulatory system
- C. hypophyseal portal system
- D. feedback loop
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hypophyseal portal system. This system involves a direct blood vessel connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland, allowing hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be rapidly transported to the anterior pituitary without being diluted in the general circulation. The hepatic portal system (A) involves blood flow from the digestive system to the liver. The general circulatory system (B) would dilute the hormones before reaching the anterior pituitary. A feedback loop (D) is a mechanism that regulates hormone levels but is not the primary mode of transportation between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
What accurately demonstrates that hormones of one gland influence the function of hormones of another gland?
- A. Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon.
- B. Increased cortisol levels stimulate the secretion of insulin.
- C. Increased testosterone levels inhibit the release of estrogen.
- D. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels inhibit the secretion of aldosterone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon, demonstrating the interaction between these hormones in maintaining glucose balance.
Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal cortex?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Glucagon
- D. Calcitonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing aldosterone, a hormone that regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Aldosterone is specifically produced in the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex. Adrenaline (Choice B) is produced by the adrenal medulla, not the cortex. Glucagon (Choice C) is produced by the pancreas, not the adrenal cortex. Calcitonin (Choice D) is produced by the thyroid gland, not the adrenal cortex. Therefore, the correct answer is A because aldosterone is the hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.
Review of a patient's chart reveals that two years ago she was treated with ritodrine. Which of the following was the most likely condition or reason for which this drug was given?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Depression
- D. Premature labor
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Premature labor. Ritodrine is a tocolytic agent commonly used to inhibit premature labor by relaxing the uterine muscles. It works by decreasing the frequency and intensity of contractions, helping to delay premature delivery. Parkinson's disease (A), bronchial asthma (B), and depression (C) are not conditions typically treated with ritodrine. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder, bronchial asthma is a respiratory condition, and depression is a mental health condition. Therefore, based on the pharmacological action of ritodrine and the context of its usage, the most likely reason for which this drug was given in this case is to manage premature labor.
In addition to promoting the transport of glucose from the blood into the cell, what does insulin do?
- A. Enhances the breakdown of adipose tissue for energy
- B. Stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- C. Prevents the transport of triglycerides into adipose tissue
- D. Accelerates the transport of amino acids into cells and their synthesis into protein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin promotes the transport of glucose into cells and also enhances the transport of amino acids into cells, aiding protein synthesis.