Nokea
Steroids:
- A. are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
- B. include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
- C. stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger, cAMP.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroids include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which are hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance, and androgens are male sex hormones.
Choice A is incorrect because steroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Choice C is incorrect because steroids act by entering the target cells and binding to intracellular receptors, not by stimulating second messengers like cAMP. Choice D is incorrect because steroids are not secreted by the pancreas; instead, the pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon.
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Atropine has the following side effects EXCEPT:
- A. Dry mouth
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Blurred vision
- D. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diarrhea. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that typically causes dry mouth, tachycardia, and blurred vision as side effects due to its mechanism of blocking acetylcholine receptors. However, diarrhea is not a common side effect of atropine. It is important to differentiate the expected side effects of a drug from those that are not commonly associated with it based on its pharmacological actions.
Hypothyroidism in children:
- A. Cretinism
- B. Myxoedema
- C. Graves disease
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cretinism. Cretinism is a condition of severe hypothyroidism during childhood, leading to stunted growth, intellectual disability, and physical deformities. Myxoedema refers to severe hypothyroidism in adults, not children. Graves disease is a form of hyperthyroidism, opposite of hypothyroidism. Acromegaly is a condition caused by excess growth hormone, not related to thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, Cretinism is the correct answer for hypothyroidism in children due to its specific characteristics and presentation.
ADH will stimulate _____ water reabsorption by the kidneys and ______ of the blood vessels; thus _____ blood pressure.
- A. decrease: constriction: increase
- B. decrease: dilation: decrease
- C. increase: constriction: increase
- D. increase: dilation: decrease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water reabsorption by the kidneys (increasing blood volume), causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), and ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure. Choice A is incorrect because ADH does not decrease water reabsorption. Choice B is incorrect because ADH does not cause dilation of blood vessels, which would decrease blood pressure. Choice D is incorrect because ADH does not cause dilation of blood vessels, which would not lead to a decrease in blood pressure.
Atropine:
- A. Is a competitive neuromuscular blocker
- B. Induces bradycardia
- C. Stimulates GIT motility and secretion
- D. Produces mydriasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors.
Step 2: Blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye leads to dilation of the pupil, known as mydriasis.
Step 3: Therefore, the correct answer is D, as atropine indeed produces mydriasis.
Summary: A is incorrect because atropine is not a neuromuscular blocker. B is incorrect as atropine actually induces tachycardia. C is incorrect as atropine inhibits GIT motility and secretion.
Annabelle has been referred to an endocrinologist for evaluation of the following symptoms: infertility, hypogonadism, and delayed puberty. Which hormone(s) from the pituitary is/are lacking in Annabelle?
- A. FSH and LH.
- B. ACTH.
- C. TSH.
- D. Growth hormone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Infertility, hypogonadism, and delayed puberty in women are commonly due to a deficiency in the pituitary hormones FSH and LH, which regulate reproductive function.