Nokea
All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Human growth hormone (GH).
- B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
- C. Parathyroid hormone(PTH).
- D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. PTH is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary. Human growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it is not a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
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Which stimulates parietal cell secretion?
- A. prostaglandins
- B. aspirin
- C. vinegar
- D. acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine directly stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid. It binds to muscarinic receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in acid production. Prostaglandins (A) inhibit acid secretion, aspirin (B) can cause gastric irritation and ulcers, and vinegar (C) does not directly stimulate parietal cells.
Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________.
- A. the cells that secrete it
- B. distant target organs
- C. cells other than those that secrete it
- D. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because somatostatin acts on nearby cells other than those that secrete it, which is the definition of paracrine signaling. This type of signaling involves the release of signaling molecules that affect neighboring cells within the same tissue or organ. Choices A and B are incorrect because paracrine signaling does not target the cells that secrete the signaling molecule or distant target organs. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus is not typically the target of somatostatin action in the pancreas.
Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol) is most likely to cause:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. hypocalcemic tetany.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. acute adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
- A. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
- B. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
- C. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized
- D. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes, leading to a cascade of signaling events that can trigger multiple responses in a cell. This process amplifies and diversifies the cellular response to hormones.
A: Choice A is incorrect because the number of receptors on the cell membrane does not directly relate to the ability of hormones to elicit multiple responses.
B: Choice B is incorrect because receptors typically bind to one hormone molecule at a time, not multiple hormones simultaneously.
C: Choice C is incorrect because the rapid metabolism of protein kinases does not directly explain why hormones can elicit multiple responses in a cell.
Which of these is not an endocrine gland?
- A. Pancreas.
- B. Testes.
- C. Salivary gland.
- D. Parathyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.