Nokea
Which of the following hormones is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
- A. Epinephrine & norepinephrine
- B. Insulin & glucagon
- C. Estrogen & progesterone
- D. Thyroxin & melatonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine & norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response. When facing a threat, the adrenal glands release these hormones, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels to prepare the body to either fight or flee. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect:
B: Insulin & glucagon regulate blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.
C: Estrogen & progesterone are reproductive hormones, not involved in the fight-or-flight response.
D: Thyroxin & melatonin regulate metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, respectively, not the fight-or-flight response.
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What preoperative instruction should the nurse give to the patient scheduled for a subtotal thyroidectomy?
- A. How to support the head with the hands when turning in bed
- B. Coughing should be avoided to prevent pressure on the incision
- C. Head and neck will need to remain immobile until the incision heals
- D. Any tingling around the lips or in the fingers after surgery is expected and temporary
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: It is important to teach the patient how to support the head when turning to avoid tension on the incision and reduce the risk of bleeding or stress on the surgical site.
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
- A. adrenocorticotropic hormone
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. luteinizing hormone
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH regulates the body's fluid balance by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. This helps maintain proper hydration levels and electrolyte balance. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (A) regulates cortisol production, not fluid balance. Luteinizing hormone (C) plays a role in reproductive functions, not fluid balance. Option D is incorrect because only antidiuretic hormone is directly involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
Isoprenaline produces the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Direct stimulation of beta adrenoceptors
- B. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
- C. Decreased blood pressure
- D. Increased intestinal motility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Isoprenaline is a beta-adrenergic agonist.
2. It directly stimulates beta adrenoceptors, leading to effects like increased heart rate.
3. Isoprenaline causes bronchodilation by relaxing bronchial smooth muscles.
4. It also causes vasodilation, leading to decreased blood pressure.
5. Isoprenaline does not have a direct effect on intestinal motility, making option D incorrect.
Summary:
Option D is incorrect as isoprenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Options A, B, and C are correct as isoprenaline directly stimulates beta adrenoceptors, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles, and decreases blood pressure, respectively.
Which is a nutritionally essential amino acid?
- A. taunine
- B. leucine
- C. glutamate
- D. alanine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (B - leucine): Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, muscle repair, and growth. It is essential for overall health and well-being.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A - taurine: Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid, not nutritionally essential.
C - glutamate: Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can synthesize it.
D - alanine: Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can also produce it.
Cushing syndrome:
- A. may be caused by steroid (prednisone) therapy.
- B. is caused by adrenal insufficiency.
- C. is characterized by hypoglycemia and low blood volume.
- D. is treated with growth hormone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Cushing syndrome is typically caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, which can result from steroid therapy like prednisone. This leads to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. Adrenal insufficiency (B) is actually the opposite condition. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia and increased blood volume, making choices C incorrect. Growth hormone is not a primary treatment for Cushing syndrome, making choice D incorrect.